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python-cheatsheet
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Jure Šorn 10 months ago
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      README.md
  2. 11
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@ -824,7 +824,9 @@ import <package>.<module> # Imports a built-in or '<package>/<module>.py'.
* **Package is a collection of modules, but it can also define its own objects.** * **Package is a collection of modules, but it can also define its own objects.**
* **On a filesystem this corresponds to a directory of Python files with an optional init script.** * **On a filesystem this corresponds to a directory of Python files with an optional init script.**
* **Running `'import <package>'` does not automatically provide access to the package's modules unless they are explicitly imported in its init script.** * **Running `'import <package>'` does not automatically provide access to the package's modules unless they are explicitly imported in its init script.**
* **Imports are relative to the location of file that was passed to python command, but can be made relative to their location with `'from .[…][<pkg/module>[.…]] import <obj>'`.**
* **Location of the file that is passed to python command serves as a root of all local imports.**
* **For relative imports use `'from .[…][<pkg/module>[.…]] import <obj>'`.**
* **To install your package go to its parent dir, add 'import setuptools; setuptools.setup()' to setup.py, '[options]' and 'packages = &lt;dir&gt;' to setup.cfg, and run `'pip3 install -e .'`.**
Closure Closure
@ -843,9 +845,7 @@ def get_multiplier(a):
>>> multiply_by_3(10) >>> multiply_by_3(10)
30 30
``` ```
* **If multiple nested functions within enclosing function reference the same value, that value gets shared.**
* **To dynamically access function's first free variable use `'<function>.__closure__[0].cell_contents'`.**
* **Any value that is referenced from within multiple nested functions gets shared.**
### Partial ### Partial
```python ```python

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index.html
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@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
<body> <body>
<header> <header>
<aside>April 22, 2024</aside>
<aside>April 27, 2024</aside>
<a href="https://gto76.github.io" rel="author">Jure Šorn</a> <a href="https://gto76.github.io" rel="author">Jure Šorn</a>
</header> </header>
@ -693,7 +693,9 @@ player = Player(point, direction) <span class="hljs-comment">#
<li><strong>Package is a collection of modules, but it can also define its own objects.</strong></li> <li><strong>Package is a collection of modules, but it can also define its own objects.</strong></li>
<li><strong>On a filesystem this corresponds to a directory of Python files with an optional init script.</strong></li> <li><strong>On a filesystem this corresponds to a directory of Python files with an optional init script.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Running <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'import &lt;package&gt;'</span></code> does not automatically provide access to the package's modules unless they are explicitly imported in its init script.</strong></li> <li><strong>Running <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'import &lt;package&gt;'</span></code> does not automatically provide access to the package's modules unless they are explicitly imported in its init script.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Imports are relative to the location of file that was passed to python command, but can be made relative to their location with <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'from .[…][&lt;pkg/module&gt;[.…]] import &lt;obj&gt;'</span></code>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Location of the file that is passed to python command serves as a root of all local imports.</strong></li>
<li><strong>For relative imports use <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'from .[…][&lt;pkg/module&gt;[.…]] import &lt;obj&gt;'</span></code>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>To install your package go to its parent dir, add 'import setuptools; setuptools.setup()' to setup.py, '[options]' and 'packages = &lt;dir&gt;' to setup.cfg, and run <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'pip3 install -e .'</span></code>.</strong></li>
</ul> </ul>
<div><h2 id="closure"><a href="#closure" name="closure">#</a>Closure</h2><p><strong>We have/get a closure in Python when a nested function references a value of its enclosing function and then the enclosing function returns the nested function.</strong></p><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">get_multiplier</span><span class="hljs-params">(a)</span>:</span> <div><h2 id="closure"><a href="#closure" name="closure">#</a>Closure</h2><p><strong>We have/get a closure in Python when a nested function references a value of its enclosing function and then the enclosing function returns the nested function.</strong></p><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">get_multiplier</span><span class="hljs-params">(a)</span>:</span>
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">out</span><span class="hljs-params">(b)</span>:</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">out</span><span class="hljs-params">(b)</span>:</span>
@ -707,8 +709,7 @@ player = Player(point, direction) <span class="hljs-comment">#
<span class="hljs-number">30</span> <span class="hljs-number">30</span>
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<ul> <ul>
<li><strong>If multiple nested functions within enclosing function reference the same value, that value gets shared.</strong></li>
<li><strong>To dynamically access function's first free variable use <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'&lt;function&gt;.__closure__[0].cell_contents'</span></code>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Any value that is referenced from within multiple nested functions gets shared.</strong></li>
</ul> </ul>
<div><h3 id="partial">Partial</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> functools <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> partial <div><h3 id="partial">Partial</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> functools <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> partial
&lt;function&gt; = partial(&lt;function&gt; [, &lt;arg_1&gt;, &lt;arg_2&gt;, ...]) &lt;function&gt; = partial(&lt;function&gt; [, &lt;arg_1&gt;, &lt;arg_2&gt;, ...])
@ -2933,7 +2934,7 @@ $ deactivate <span class="hljs-comment"># Deactivates the activ
<footer> <footer>
<aside>April 22, 2024</aside>
<aside>April 27, 2024</aside>
<a href="https://gto76.github.io" rel="author">Jure Šorn</a> <a href="https://gto76.github.io" rel="author">Jure Šorn</a>
</footer> </footer>

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