diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index df42f5e..508750a 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -561,19 +561,20 @@ from dateutil.tz import UTC, tzlocal, gettz ```python = D/DT.today() # Current local date or naive datetime. = DT.utcnow() # Naive datetime from current UTC time. - = DT.now() # Aware datetime from current tz time. + = DT.now() # Aware datetime from current tz time. ``` +* **To extract time use `'.time()'` or `'.timetz()'`.** ### Timezone ```python - = UTC # UTC timezone. London without DST. - = tzlocal() # Local timezone. - = gettz('/') # Timezone from 'Continent/City_Name' str. + = UTC # UTC timezone. London without DST. + = tzlocal() # Local timezone. + = gettz('/') # Timezone from 'Continent/City_Name' str. ``` ```python - =
.astimezone() # Datetime, converted to passed timezone. - = .replace(tzinfo=) # Unconverted object with new timezone. + =
.astimezone() # Datetime, converted to passed timezone. + = .replace(tzinfo=) # Unconverted object with new timezone. ``` ### Encode @@ -581,7 +582,7 @@ from dateutil.tz import UTC, tzlocal, gettz = D/T/DT.fromisoformat('') # Object from ISO string.
= DT.strptime(, '') # Datetime from str, according to format. = D/DT.fromordinal() # D/DTn from days since Christ. - = DT.fromtimestamp(, ) # DTa from seconds since Epoch in tz time. + = DT.fromtimestamp(, ) # DTa from seconds since Epoch in tz time. ``` * **ISO strings come in following forms: `'YYYY-MM-DD'`, `'HH:MM:SS.ffffff[±]'`, or both separated by `'T'`. Offset is formatted as: `'HH:MM'`.** * **On Unix systems Epoch is `'1970-01-01 00:00 UTC'`, `'1970-01-01 01:00 CET'`, ...** @@ -601,10 +602,15 @@ from dateutil.tz import UTC, tzlocal, gettz >>> dt.strftime("%A, %dth of %B '%y, %I:%M%p %Z") "Thursday, 14th of May '15, 11:39PM UTC+02:00" ``` +* **For abbreviated weekday and month use `'%a'` and `'%b'`.** -#### Rest of the codes: -* **`'a'` - Weekday, abbreviated name.** -* **`'b'` - Month, abbreviated name.** +### Arithmetics +```python + = ± + = ± + = */ + = / +``` Arguments @@ -1277,8 +1283,10 @@ Open **Opens a file and returns a corresponding file object.** ```python - = open('', mode='r', encoding=None) + = open('', mode='r', encoding=None, endline=None) ``` +* **`'encoding=None'` means default encoding is used, which is platform dependent. Best practice is to use `'encoding="utf-8"'` whenever possible.** +* **`'endline=None'` means all different end of line combinations are converted to '\n' on read, while on write all '\n' characters are converted to system's default line separator.** ### Modes * **`'r'` - Read (default).** @@ -1295,7 +1303,8 @@ Open ```python .seek(0) # Moves to the start of the file. .seek(offset) # Moves 'offset' chars/bytes from the start. -.seek(offset, ) # Anchor: 0 start, 1 current pos., 2 end. +.seek(0, 2) # Moves to the end of the file. +.seek(±offset, ) # Anchor: 0 start, 1 current pos., 2 end. ``` ```python @@ -1307,10 +1316,10 @@ Open ```python .write() # Writes a string or bytes object. -.writelines() # Writes a list of strings or bytes objects. +.writelines() # Writes a coll. of strings or bytes objects. .flush() # Flushes write buffer. ``` -* **Methods do not add or strip trailing newlines.** +* **Methods do not add or strip trailing newlines, even writelines().** ### Read Text from File ```python @@ -1331,21 +1340,26 @@ Path ---- ```python from os import path, listdir +from glob import glob +``` + +```python = path.exists('') = path.isfile('') = path.isdir('') - = listdir('') ``` ```python ->>> from glob import glob ->>> glob('../*.gif') -['1.gif', 'card.gif'] + = listdir('') # List of filenames located at 'path'. + = glob('') # Filenames matching the wildcard pattern. ``` ### Pathlib ```python from pathlib import Path +``` + +```python cwd = Path() = Path('' [, '', , ...]) = / '' / '' @@ -1355,11 +1369,11 @@ cwd = Path() = .exists() = .is_file() = .is_dir() - = .iterdir() ``` ```python - = .glob('') + = .iterdir() # Iterator of filenames located at path. + = .glob('') # Filenames matching the wildcard pattern. ``` ```python @@ -1711,7 +1725,7 @@ class MyMetaClass(type): * **New() can also be called directly, usually from a new() method of a child class (**`def __new__(cls): return super().__new__(cls)`**), in which case init() is not called.** ### Metaclass Attribute -**When class is created it checks if it has metaclass defined. If not, it recursively checks if any of his parents has it defined and eventually comes to type().** +**Right before a class is created it checks if it has metaclass defined. If not, it recursively checks if any of his parents has it defined and eventually comes to type().** ```python class MyClass(metaclass=MyMetaClass): @@ -1723,7 +1737,12 @@ class MyClass(metaclass=MyMetaClass): ('abcde', 12345) ``` -#### Type diagram (str is an instance of type, ...): +### Type Diagram +```python +type(MyClass) == MyMetaClass # MyClass is an instance of MyMetaClass. +type(MyMetaClass) == type # MyMetaClass is an instance of type. +``` + ```text +---------+-------------+ | Classes | Metaclasses | @@ -1736,7 +1755,12 @@ class MyClass(metaclass=MyMetaClass): +---------+-------------+ ``` -#### Inheritance diagram (str is a subclass of object, ...): +### Inheritance Diagram +```python +MyClass.__base__ == object # MyClass is a subclass of object. +MyMetaClass.__base__ == type # MyMetaClass is a subclass of type. +``` + ```text +---------+-------------+ | Classes | Metaclasses | diff --git a/index.html b/index.html index 25e5aaa..54a8f35 100644 --- a/index.html +++ b/index.html @@ -599,21 +599,24 @@ shuffle(<list>)

Now

<D/DTn>  = D/DT.today()                     # Current local date or naive datetime.
 <DTn>    = DT.utcnow()                      # Naive datetime from current UTC time.
-<DTa>    = DT.now(<tz>)                     # Aware datetime from current tz time.
+<DTa>    = DT.now(<tzinfo>)                 # Aware datetime from current tz time.
+
    +
  • To extract time use '<DTn>.time()' or '<DTa>.timetz()'.
    • +

Timezone

-
<tz>     = UTC                              # UTC timezone. London without DST.
-<tz>     = tzlocal()                        # Local timezone.
-<tz>     = gettz('<Cont.>/<City>')          # Timezone from 'Continent/City_Name' str.
+
<tzinfo> = UTC                              # UTC timezone. London without DST.
+<tzinfo> = tzlocal()                        # Local timezone.
+<tzinfo> = gettz('<Cont.>/<City>')          # Timezone from 'Continent/City_Name' str.
 

-
<DTa>    = <DT>.astimezone(<tz>)            # Datetime, converted to passed timezone.
-<Ta/DTa> = <T/DT>.replace(tzinfo=<tz>)      # Unconverted object with new timezone.
+
<DTa>    = <DT>.astimezone(<tzinfo>)        # Datetime, converted to passed timezone.
+<Ta/DTa> = <T/DT>.replace(tzinfo=<tzinfo>)  # Unconverted object with new timezone.
 

 
Encode

 
<D/T/DT> = D/T/DT.fromisoformat('<iso>')    # Object from ISO string.
 <DT>     = DT.strptime(<str>, '<format>')   # Datetime from str, according to format.
 <D/DTn>  = D/DT.fromordinal(<int>)          # D/DTn from days since Christ.
-<DTa>    = DT.fromtimestamp(<real>, <tz>)   # DTa from seconds since Epoch in tz time.
+<DTa>    = DT.fromtimestamp(<real>, <tz.>)  # DTa from seconds since Epoch in tz time.
 

 
    
 
  • ISO strings come in following forms: 'YYYY-MM-DD', 'HH:MM:SS.ffffff[±<offset>]', or both separated by 'T'. Offset is formatted as: 'HH:MM'.
    • 
@@ -631,11 +634,15 @@ shuffle(<list>)
 >>> dt.strftime("%A, %dth of %B '%y, %I:%M%p %Z")
 "Thursday, 14th of May '15, 11:39PM UTC+02:00"
 

-
Rest of the codes:

 
    
-
  • 'a' - Weekday, abbreviated name.
    • 
-
  • 'b' - Month, abbreviated name.
    • 
+
  • For abbreviated weekday and month use '%a' and '%b'.
    • 
 

+
Arithmetics

+
<D/DT>   = <D/DT> ±  <TD>
+<TD>     = <TD>   ±  <TD>
+<TD>     = <TD>   */ <real>
+<float>  = <TD>   /  <TD>
+

 
#Arguments

 
Inside Function Call

 
<function>(<positional_args>)                  # f(0, 0)
@@ -1153,8 +1160,12 @@ value = args.<name>
 
 
#Open

 
Opens a file and returns a corresponding file object.

-
<file> = open('<path>', mode='r', encoding=None)
+
<file> = open('<path>', mode='r', encoding=None, endline=None)
 

+
    
+
  • 'encoding=None' means default encoding is used, which is platform dependent. Best practice is to use 'encoding="utf-8"' whenever possible.
    • 
+
  • 'endline=None' means all different end of line combinations are converted to '\n' on read, while on write all '\n' characters are converted to system's default line separator.
    • 
+

 
Modes

 
    
 
  • 'r'  - Read (default).
    • 
@@ -1170,7 +1181,8 @@ value = args.<name>
 
    File
    
 
    <file>.seek(0)                      # Moves to the start of the file.
 <file>.seek(offset)                 # Moves 'offset' chars/bytes from the start.
-<file>.seek(offset, <anchor>)       # Anchor: 0 start, 1 current pos., 2 end.
+<file>.seek(0, 2)                   # Moves to the end of the file.
+<bin_file>.seek(±offset, <anchor>)  # Anchor: 0 start, 1 current pos., 2 end.
 
    
 
    <str/bytes> = <file>.read(size=-1)  # Reads 'size' chars/bytes or until EOF.
 <str/bytes> = <file>.readline()     # Returns a line.
@@ -1178,11 +1190,11 @@ value = args.<name>
 <str/bytes> = next(<file>)          # Returns a line using buffer. Do not mix.
 
    
 
    <file>.write(<str/bytes>)           # Writes a string or bytes object.
-<file>.writelines(<list>)           # Writes a list of strings or bytes objects.
+<file>.writelines(<coll.>)          # Writes a coll. of strings or bytes objects.
 <file>.flush()                      # Flushes write buffer.
 
    
 
      
-
    • Methods do not add or strip trailing newlines.
      • 
+
    • Methods do not add or strip trailing newlines, even writelines().
      • 
 
    
 
    Read Text from File
    
 
    def read_file(filename):
@@ -1196,27 +1208,28 @@ value = args.<name>
 
    
 
    #Path
    
 
    from os import path, listdir
-<bool> = path.exists('<path>')
+from glob import glob
+
    
+
    <bool> = path.exists('<path>')
 <bool> = path.isfile('<path>')
 <bool> = path.isdir('<path>')
-<list> = listdir('<path>')
 
    
-
    >>> from glob import glob
->>> glob('../*.gif')
-['1.gif', 'card.gif']
+
    <list> = listdir('<path>')         # List of filenames located at 'path'. 
+<list> = glob('<pattern>')         # Filenames matching the wildcard pattern.
 
    
 
    Pathlib
    
 
    from pathlib import Path
-cwd    = Path()
+
    
+
    cwd    = Path()
 <Path> = Path('<path>' [, '<path>', <Path>, ...])
 <Path> = <Path> / '<dir>' / '<file>'
 
    
 
    <bool> = <Path>.exists()
 <bool> = <Path>.is_file()
 <bool> = <Path>.is_dir()
-<iter> = <Path>.iterdir()
 
    
-
    <iter> = <Path>.glob('<pattern>')
+
    <iter> = <Path>.iterdir()          # Iterator of filenames located at path.
+<iter> = <Path>.glob('<pattern>')  # Filenames matching the wildcard pattern.
 
    
 
    <str>  = str(<Path>)               # Returns path as a string.
 <tup.> = <Path>.parts              # Returns all components as strings.
@@ -1458,14 +1471,17 @@ param_names  = list(<sig>.parameters.keys())
 
  • New() can also be called directly, usually from a new() method of a child class (def __new__(cls): return super().__new__(cls)), in which case init() is not called.
    • 
 

 
Metaclass Attribute

-
When class is created it checks if it has metaclass defined. If not, it recursively checks if any of his parents has it defined and eventually comes to type().

+
Right before a class is created it checks if it has metaclass defined. If not, it recursively checks if any of his parents has it defined and eventually comes to type().

 
class MyClass(metaclass=MyMetaClass):
     b = 12345
 

 
>>> MyClass.a, MyClass.b
 ('abcde', 12345)
 

-
Type diagram (str is an instance of type, …):

+
Type Diagram

+
type(MyClass)     == MyMetaClass  # MyClass is an instance of MyMetaClass.
+type(MyMetaClass) == type         # MyMetaClass is an instance of type.
+

 
┏━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
 ┃ Classes │ Metaclasses ┃
 ┠─────────┼─────────────┨
@@ -1476,7 +1492,10 @@ param_names  = list(<sig>.parameters.keys())
 ┃   str ───────╯        ┃
 ┗━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
 

-
Inheritance diagram (str is a subclass of object, …):

+
Inheritance Diagram

+
MyClass.__base__     == object    # MyClass is a subclass of object.
+MyMetaClass.__base__ == type      # MyMetaClass is a subclass of type.
+

 
┏━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
 ┃ Classes │ Metaclasses ┃
 ┠─────────┼─────────────┨