Big changes in Numbers and Combinatorics

README.md

@@ -500,10 +500,10 @@ Numbers
 <Fraction> = fractions.Fraction(0, 1)             # Or: Fraction(numerator=0, denominator=1)
 <Decimal>  = decimal.Decimal(<str/int>)           # Or: Decimal((sign, digits, exponent))
 ```
-* **`'int(<str>)'` and `'float(<str>)'` raise ValueError on malformed strings.**
+* **Decimal numbers are stored exactly, unlike most floats where: `'1.1 + 2.2 != 3.3'`.**
-* **Decimal numbers are stored exactly, unlike most floats where `'1.1 + 2.2 != 3.3'`.**
 * **Floats can be compared with: `'math.isclose(<float>, <float>)'`.**
 * **Precision of decimal operations is set with: `'decimal.getcontext().prec = <int>'`.**
+* **Bools can be used anywhere ints can, because bool is a subclass of int: `'True + 1 == 2'`.**
 
 ### Basic Functions
 ```python
@@ -526,18 +526,23 @@ from statistics import mean, median, variance     # Also: stdev, quantiles, grou
 
 ### Random
 ```python
-from random import random, randint, choice        # Also: shuffle, gauss, triangular, seed.
+from random import random, randint, uniform       # Also: gauss, choice, shuffle, seed.
-<float> = random()                                # A float inside [0, 1).
-<int>   = randint(from_inc, to_inc)               # An int inside [from_inc, to_inc].
-<el>    = choice(<sequence>)                      # Keeps the sequence intact.
 ```
 
-### Bin, Hex
 ```python
-<int> = ±0b<bin>                                  # Or: ±0x<hex>
+<float> = random()                                # Returns a float inside [0, 1).
-<int> = int('±<bin>', 2)                          # Or: int('±<hex>', 16)
+<num>   = randint/uniform(a, b)                   # Returns an int/float inside [a, b].
-<int> = int('±0b<bin>', 0)                        # Or: int('±0x<hex>', 0)
+<float> = gauss(mean, stdev)                      # Also triangular(low, high, mode).
-<str> = bin(<int>)                                # Returns '[-]0b<bin>'. Also hex().
+<el>    = choice(<sequence>)                      # Keeps it intact. Also sample(pop, k).
+shuffle(<list>)                                   # Shuffles the list in place.
+```
+
+### Hexadecimal Numbers
+```python
+<int> = ±0x<hex>                                  # Or: ±0b<bin>
+<int> = int('±<hex>', 16)                         # Or: int('±<bin>', 2)
+<int> = int('±0x<hex>', 0)                        # Or: int('±0b<bin>', 0)
+<str> = hex(<int>)                                # Returns '[-]0x<hex>'. Also bin().
 ```
 
 ### Bitwise Operators
@@ -563,30 +568,24 @@ import itertools as it
 ```
 
 ```python
->>> list(it.product('abc', 'abc'))                    #   a  b  c
+>>> list(it.product('abc', 'abc'))                #   a  b  c
-[('a', 'a'), ('a', 'b'), ('a', 'c'),                  # a x  x  x
+[('a', 'a'), ('a', 'b'), ('a', 'c'),              # a x  x  x
- ('b', 'a'), ('b', 'b'), ('b', 'c'),                  # b x  x  x
+ ('b', 'a'), ('b', 'b'), ('b', 'c'),              # b x  x  x
- ('c', 'a'), ('c', 'b'), ('c', 'c')]                  # c x  x  x
+ ('c', 'a'), ('c', 'b'), ('c', 'c')]              # c x  x  x
-```
-
-```python
->>> list(it.combinations('abc', 2))                   #   a  b  c
-[('a', 'b'), ('a', 'c'),                              # a .  x  x
- ('b', 'c')]                                          # b .  .  x
 ```
 
 ```python
->>> list(it.combinations_with_replacement('abc', 2))  #   a  b  c
+>>> list(it.permutations('abc', 2))               #   a  b  c
-[('a', 'a'), ('a', 'b'), ('a', 'c'),                  # a x  x  x
+[('a', 'b'), ('a', 'c'),                          # a .  x  x
- ('b', 'b'), ('b', 'c'),                              # b .  x  x
+ ('b', 'a'), ('b', 'c'),                          # b x  .  x
- ('c', 'c')]                                          # c .  .  x
+ ('c', 'a'), ('c', 'b')]                          # c x  x  .
 ```
 
 ```python
->>> list(it.permutations('abc', 2))                   #   a  b  c
+>>> list(it.combinations('abc', 2))               #   a  b  c
-[('a', 'b'), ('a', 'c'),                              # a .  x  x
+[('a', 'b'), ('a', 'c'),                          # a .  x  x
- ('b', 'a'), ('b', 'c'),                              # b x  .  x
+ ('b', 'c'),                                      # b .  .  x
- ('c', 'a'), ('c', 'b')]                              # c x  x  .
+]                                                 # c .  .  .
 ```
 
 

index.html

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
 
 <body>
   <header>
-    <aside>March 16, 2025</aside>
+    <aside>March 21, 2025</aside>
     <a href="https://gto76.github.io" rel="author">Jure Šorn</a>
   </header>
 
@@ -463,10 +463,10 @@ Point(x=<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, y=<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
 </code></pre></div>
 
 <ul>
-<li><strong><code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'int(&lt;str&gt;)'</span></code> and <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'float(&lt;str&gt;)'</span></code> raise ValueError on malformed strings.</strong></li>
+<li><strong>Decimal numbers are stored exactly, unlike most floats where: <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'1.1 + 2.2 != 3.3'</span></code>.</strong></li>
-<li><strong>Decimal numbers are stored exactly, unlike most floats where <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'1.1 + 2.2 != 3.3'</span></code>.</strong></li>
 <li><strong>Floats can be compared with: <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'math.isclose(&lt;float&gt;, &lt;float&gt;)'</span></code>.</strong></li>
 <li><strong>Precision of decimal operations is set with: <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'decimal.getcontext().prec = &lt;int&gt;'</span></code>.</strong></li>
+<li><strong>Bools can be used anywhere ints can, because bool is a subclass of int: <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'True + 1 == 2'</span></code>.</strong></li>
 </ul>
 <div><h3 id="basicfunctions">Basic Functions</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs">&lt;num&gt; = pow(&lt;num&gt;, &lt;num&gt;)                         <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: &lt;number&gt; ** &lt;number&gt;</span>
 &lt;num&gt; = abs(&lt;num&gt;)                                <span class="hljs-comment"># &lt;float&gt; = abs(&lt;complex&gt;)</span>
@@ -481,16 +481,19 @@ Point(x=<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, y=<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
 <div><h3 id="statistics">Statistics</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> statistics <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> mean, median, variance     <span class="hljs-comment"># Also: stdev, quantiles, groupby.</span>
 </code></pre></div>
 
-<div><h3 id="random">Random</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> random <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> random, randint, choice        <span class="hljs-comment"># Also: shuffle, gauss, triangular, seed.</span>
+<div><h3 id="random">Random</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> random <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> random, randint, uniform       <span class="hljs-comment"># Also: gauss, choice, shuffle, seed.</span>
-&lt;float&gt; = random()                                <span class="hljs-comment"># A float inside [0, 1).</span>
-&lt;int&gt;   = randint(from_inc, to_inc)               <span class="hljs-comment"># An int inside [from_inc, to_inc].</span>
-&lt;el&gt;    = choice(&lt;sequence&gt;)                      <span class="hljs-comment"># Keeps the sequence intact.</span>
 </code></pre></div>
 
-<div><h3 id="binhex">Bin, Hex</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs">&lt;int&gt; = ±<span class="hljs-number">0b</span>&lt;bin&gt;                                  <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: ±0x&lt;hex&gt;</span>
+<pre><code class="python language-python hljs">&lt;float&gt; = random()                                <span class="hljs-comment"># Returns a float inside [0, 1).</span>
-&lt;int&gt; = int(<span class="hljs-string">'±&lt;bin&gt;'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>)                          <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: int('±&lt;hex&gt;', 16)</span>
+&lt;num&gt;   = randint/uniform(a, b)                   <span class="hljs-comment"># Returns an int/float inside [a, b].</span>
-&lt;int&gt; = int(<span class="hljs-string">'±0b&lt;bin&gt;'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>)                        <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: int('±0x&lt;hex&gt;', 0)</span>
+&lt;float&gt; = gauss(mean, stdev)                      <span class="hljs-comment"># Also triangular(low, high, mode).</span>
-&lt;str&gt; = bin(&lt;int&gt;)                                <span class="hljs-comment"># Returns '[-]0b&lt;bin&gt;'. Also hex().</span>
+&lt;el&gt;    = choice(&lt;sequence&gt;)                      <span class="hljs-comment"># Keeps it intact. Also sample(pop, k).</span>
+shuffle(&lt;list&gt;)                                   <span class="hljs-comment"># Shuffles the list in place.</span>
+</code></pre>
+<div><h3 id="hexadecimalnumbers">Hexadecimal Numbers</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs">&lt;int&gt; = ±<span class="hljs-number">0x</span>&lt;hex&gt;                                  <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: ±0b&lt;bin&gt;</span>
+&lt;int&gt; = int(<span class="hljs-string">'±&lt;hex&gt;'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">16</span>)                         <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: int('±&lt;bin&gt;', 2)</span>
+&lt;int&gt; = int(<span class="hljs-string">'±0x&lt;hex&gt;'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>)                        <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: int('±0b&lt;bin&gt;', 0)</span>
+&lt;str&gt; = hex(&lt;int&gt;)                                <span class="hljs-comment"># Returns '[-]0x&lt;hex&gt;'. Also bin().</span>
 </code></pre></div>
 
 <div><h3 id="bitwiseoperators">Bitwise Operators</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs">&lt;int&gt; = &lt;int&gt; &amp; &lt;int&gt;                             <span class="hljs-comment"># And (0b1100 &amp; 0b1010 == 0b1000).</span>
@@ -507,24 +510,20 @@ Point(x=<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, y=<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
 [(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>),
  (<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>)]
 </code></pre>
-<pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>list(it.product(<span class="hljs-string">'abc'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'abc'</span>))                    <span class="hljs-comment">#   a  b  c</span>
+<pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>list(it.product(<span class="hljs-string">'abc'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'abc'</span>))                <span class="hljs-comment">#   a  b  c</span>
-[(<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>),                  <span class="hljs-comment"># a x  x  x</span>
+[(<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>),              <span class="hljs-comment"># a x  x  x</span>
- (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>),                  <span class="hljs-comment"># b x  x  x</span>
+ (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>),              <span class="hljs-comment"># b x  x  x</span>
- (<span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>)]                  <span class="hljs-comment"># c x  x  x</span>
+ (<span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>)]              <span class="hljs-comment"># c x  x  x</span>
-</code></pre>
-<pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>list(it.combinations(<span class="hljs-string">'abc'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>))                   <span class="hljs-comment">#   a  b  c</span>
-[(<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>),                              <span class="hljs-comment"># a .  x  x</span>
- (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>)]                                          <span class="hljs-comment"># b .  .  x</span>
 </code></pre>
-<pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>list(it.combinations_with_replacement(<span class="hljs-string">'abc'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>))  <span class="hljs-comment">#   a  b  c</span>
+<pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>list(it.permutations(<span class="hljs-string">'abc'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>))               <span class="hljs-comment">#   a  b  c</span>
-[(<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>),                  <span class="hljs-comment"># a x  x  x</span>
+[(<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>),                          <span class="hljs-comment"># a .  x  x</span>
- (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>),                              <span class="hljs-comment"># b .  x  x</span>
+ (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>),                          <span class="hljs-comment"># b x  .  x</span>
- (<span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>)]                                          <span class="hljs-comment"># c .  .  x</span>
+ (<span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>)]                          <span class="hljs-comment"># c x  x  .</span>
 </code></pre>
-<pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>list(it.permutations(<span class="hljs-string">'abc'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>))                   <span class="hljs-comment">#   a  b  c</span>
+<pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>list(it.combinations(<span class="hljs-string">'abc'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>))               <span class="hljs-comment">#   a  b  c</span>
-[(<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>),                              <span class="hljs-comment"># a .  x  x</span>
+[(<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>),                          <span class="hljs-comment"># a .  x  x</span>
- (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>),                              <span class="hljs-comment"># b x  .  x</span>
+ (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>),                                      <span class="hljs-comment"># b .  .  x</span>
- (<span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>)]                              <span class="hljs-comment"># c x  x  .</span>
+]                                                 <span class="hljs-comment"># c .  .  .</span>
 </code></pre>
 <div><h2 id="datetime"><a href="#datetime" name="datetime">#</a>Datetime</h2><p><strong>Provides 'date', 'time', 'datetime' and 'timedelta' classes. All are immutable and hashable.</strong></p><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-comment"># $ pip3 install python-dateutil</span>
 <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> datetime <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> date, time, datetime, timedelta, timezone
@@ -2945,7 +2944,7 @@ $ deactivate                <span class="hljs-comment"># Deactivates the active
  
 
   <footer>
-    <aside>March 16, 2025</aside>
+    <aside>March 21, 2025</aside>
     <a href="https://gto76.github.io" rel="author">Jure Šorn</a>
   </footer>
 

parse.js

@@ -43,10 +43,10 @@ const TOC =
   '</code></pre>\n';
 
 const BIN_HEX =
-  '&lt;int&gt; = ±<span class="hljs-number">0b</span>&lt;bin&gt;                                  <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: ±0x&lt;hex&gt;</span>\n' +
+  '&lt;int&gt; = ±<span class="hljs-number">0x</span>&lt;hex&gt;                                  <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: ±0b&lt;bin&gt;</span>\n' +
-  '&lt;int&gt; = int(<span class="hljs-string">\'±&lt;bin&gt;\'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>)                          <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: int(\'±&lt;hex&gt;\', 16)</span>\n' +
+  '&lt;int&gt; = int(<span class="hljs-string">\'±&lt;hex&gt;\'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">16</span>)                         <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: int(\'±&lt;bin&gt;\', 2)</span>\n' +
-  '&lt;int&gt; = int(<span class="hljs-string">\'±0b&lt;bin&gt;\'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>)                        <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: int(\'±0x&lt;hex&gt;\', 0)</span>\n' +
+  '&lt;int&gt; = int(<span class="hljs-string">\'±0x&lt;hex&gt;\'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>)                        <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: int(\'±0b&lt;bin&gt;\', 0)</span>\n' +
-  '&lt;str&gt; = bin(&lt;int&gt;)                                <span class="hljs-comment"># Returns \'[-]0b&lt;bin&gt;\'. Also hex().</span>\n';
+  '&lt;str&gt; = hex(&lt;int&gt;)                                <span class="hljs-comment"># Returns \'[-]0x&lt;hex&gt;\'. Also bin().</span>\n';
 
 const CACHE =
   '<span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> functools <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> cache\n' +
@@ -922,7 +922,7 @@ function fixClasses() {
 }
 
 function fixHighlights() {
-  $(`code:contains(<int> = ±0b<bin>)`).html(BIN_HEX);
+  $(`code:contains(<int> = ±0x<hex>)`).html(BIN_HEX);
   $(`code:contains( + fib(n)`).html(CACHE);
   $(`code:contains(>>> def add)`).html(SPLAT);
   $(`code:contains(@debug(print_result=True))`).html(PARAMETRIZED_DECORATOR);

pdf/index_for_pdf.html

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 <strong>audio, <a href="#audio">40</a>-<a href="#synthesizer">41</a>, <a href="#sound">42</a></strong>  </p>
 <h3 id="b">B</h3>
 <p><strong>beautifulsoup library, <a href="#scrapespythonsurlandlogofromitswikipediapage">35</a></strong><br>
-<strong>binary representation, <a href="#ints">7</a>, <a href="#binhex">8</a></strong><br>
+<strong>binary representation, <a href="#ints">7</a>, <a href="#hexadecimalnumbers">8</a></strong><br>
 <strong>bitwise operators, <a href="#bitwiseoperators">8</a>, <a href="#operator">30</a></strong><br>
 <strong>bytes, <a href="#open">22</a>-<a href="#modes">23</a>, <a href="#pickle">25</a>, <a href="#bytes">28</a>-<a href="#memoryview">29</a></strong>  </p>
 <h3 id="c">C</h3>
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
 <strong>gui app, <a href="#guiapp">35</a></strong>  </p>
 <h3 id="h">H</h3>
 <p><strong>hashable, <a href="#dataclass">15</a>, <a href="#hashable">16</a></strong><br>
-<strong>hexadecimal representation, <a href="#ints">7</a>, <a href="#binhex">8</a>, <a href="#encode-1">28</a></strong>  </p>
+<strong>hexadecimal representation, <a href="#ints">7</a>, <a href="#hexadecimalnumbers">8</a>, <a href="#encode-1">28</a></strong>  </p>
 <h3 id="i">I</h3>
 <p><strong>image, <a href="#scrapespythonsurlandlogofromitswikipediapage">35</a>, <a href="#image">39</a>-<a href="#animation">40</a>, <a href="#surface">42</a>-<a href="#basicmariobrothersexample">43</a></strong><br>
 <strong>imports, <a href="#imports">12</a></strong><br>