Imports, Closure, Profiling

10 months ago · 4ef9c49bcc
3 changed files with 35 additions and 39 deletions
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -824,13 +824,12 @@ import <package>.<module>  # Imports a built-in or '<package>/<module>.py'.
 * **Package is a collection of modules, but it can also define its own objects.**
 * **On a filesystem this corresponds to a directory of Python files with an optional init script.**
 * **Running `'import <package>'` does not automatically provide access to the package's modules unless they are explicitly imported in its init script.**
+* **Imports are relative to the location of file that was passed to python command, but can be made relative to their own location with `'from .[…][<file>[.…]] import <obj>'`.**


 Closure
 -------
-**We have/get a closure in Python when:**
-* **A nested function references a value of its enclosing function and then**
-* **the enclosing function returns the nested function.**
+**We have/get a closure in Python when a nested function references a value of its enclosing function and then the enclosing function returns the nested function.**

 ```python
 def get_multiplier(a):
@ -2622,7 +2621,7 @@ Line #      Hits         Time  Per Hit   % Time  Line Contents
 ### Call and Flame Graphs
 ```bash
 $ apt/brew install graphviz && pip3 install gprof2dot snakeviz  # Or download installer.
-$ tail --lines=4 test.py > test.py                              # Removes first line.
+$ tail --lines=+2 test.py > test.py                             # Removes first line.
 $ python3 -m cProfile -o test.prof test.py                      # Runs built-in profiler.
 $ gprof2dot --format=pstats test.prof | dot -T png -o test.png  # Generates call graph.
 $ xdg-open/open test.png                                        # Displays call graph.
@ -2631,14 +2630,14 @@ $ snakeviz test.prof                                            # Displays flame

 ### Sampling and Memory Profilers
 ```text
-+--------------+----------+------------+-------------------------------+------+
-| pip3 install |   Type   |   Target   |          How to run           | Live |
-+--------------+----------+------------+-------------------------------+------+
-| pyinstrument | Sampling |    CPU     | pyinstrument test.py          | No   |
-| py-spy       | Sampling |    CPU     | py-spy top -- python3 test.py | Yes  |
-| scalene      | Sampling | CPU+Memory | scalene test.py               | No   |
-| memray       | Tracing  |   Memory   | memray run --live test.py     | Yes  |
-+--------------+----------+------------+-------------------------------+------+
+--------------+------------+-------------------------------+-------+------+
+| pip3 install |   Target   |          How to run           | Lines | Live |
+--------------+------------+-------------------------------+-------+------+
+| pyinstrument |    CPU     | pyinstrument test.py          |  No   | No   |
+| py-spy       |    CPU     | py-spy top -- python3 test.py |  No   | Yes  |
+| scalene      | CPU+Memory | scalene test.py               |  Yes  | No   |
+| memray       |   Memory   | memray run --live test.py     |  Yes  | Yes  |
+--------------+------------+-------------------------------+-------+------+
 ```


--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@

 <body>
  <header>
-    <aside>April 14, 2024</aside>
+    <aside>April 15, 2024</aside>
    <a href="https://gto76.github.io" rel="author">Jure Šorn</a>
  </header>

@ -693,18 +693,15 @@ player = Player(point, direction)                   <span class="hljs-comment">#
 <li><strong>Package is a collection of modules, but it can also define its own objects.</strong></li>
 <li><strong>On a filesystem this corresponds to a directory of Python files with an optional init script.</strong></li>
 <li><strong>Running <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'import &lt;package&gt;'</span></code> does not automatically provide access to the package's modules unless they are explicitly imported in its init script.</strong></li>
+<li><strong>Imports are relative to the location of file that was passed to python command, but can be made relative to their own location with <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'from .[…][&lt;file&gt;[.…]] import &lt;obj&gt;'</span></code>.</strong></li>
 </ul>
-<div><h2 id="closure"><a href="#closure" name="closure">#</a>Closure</h2><p><strong>We have/get a closure in Python when:</strong></p><ul>
-<li><strong>A nested function references a value of its enclosing function and then</strong></li>
-<li><strong>the enclosing function returns the nested function.</strong></li>
-</ul><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">get_multiplier</span><span class="hljs-params">(a)</span>:</span>
+<div><h2 id="closure"><a href="#closure" name="closure">#</a>Closure</h2><p><strong>We have/get a closure in Python when a nested function references a value of its enclosing function and then the enclosing function returns the nested function.</strong></p><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">get_multiplier</span><span class="hljs-params">(a)</span>:</span>
    <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">out</span><span class="hljs-params">(b)</span>:</span>
        <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> a * b
    <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> out
 </code></pre></div>


-
 <pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>multiply_by_3 = get_multiplier(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>)
 <span class="hljs-meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>multiply_by_3(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>)
 <span class="hljs-number">30</span>
@ -2158,21 +2155,21 @@ Line #      Hits         Time  Per Hit   % Time  Line Contents
 </code></pre></div>

 <div><h3 id="callandflamegraphs">Call and Flame Graphs</h3><pre><code class="bash language-bash hljs">$ apt/brew install graphviz &amp;&amp; pip3 install gprof2dot snakeviz  <span class="hljs-comment"># Or download installer.</span>
-$ tail --lines=4 test.py &gt; test.py                              <span class="hljs-comment"># Removes first line.</span>
+$ tail --lines=+2 test.py &gt; test.py                             <span class="hljs-comment"># Removes first line.</span>
 $ python3 -m cProfile -o test.prof test.py                      <span class="hljs-comment"># Runs built-in profiler.</span>
 $ gprof2dot --format=pstats test.prof | dot -T png -o test.png  <span class="hljs-comment"># Generates call graph.</span>
 $ xdg-open/open test.png                                        <span class="hljs-comment"># Displays call graph.</span>
 $ snakeviz test.prof                                            <span class="hljs-comment"># Displays flame graph.</span>
 </code></pre></div>

-<div><h3 id="samplingandmemoryprofilers">Sampling and Memory Profilers</h3><pre><code class="text language-text">┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━┓
-┃ pip3 install │   Type   │   Target   │          How to run           │ Live ┃
-┠──────────────┼──────────┼────────────┼───────────────────────────────┼──────┨
-┃ pyinstrument │ Sampling │    CPU     │ pyinstrument test.py          │  ×   ┃
-┃ py-spy       │ Sampling │    CPU     │ py-spy top -- python3 test.py │  ✓   ┃
-┃ scalene      │ Sampling │ CPU+Memory │ scalene test.py               │  ×   ┃
-┃ memray       │ Tracing  │   Memory   │ memray run --live test.py     │  ✓   ┃
-┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━┛
+<div><h3 id="samplingandmemoryprofilers">Sampling and Memory Profilers</h3><pre><code class="text language-text">┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━┓
+┃ pip3 install │   Target   │          How to run           │ Lines │ Live ┃
+┠──────────────┼────────────┼───────────────────────────────┼───────┼──────┨
+┃ pyinstrument │    CPU     │ pyinstrument test.py          │   ×   │  ×   ┃
+┃ py-spy       │    CPU     │ py-spy top -- python3 test.py │   ×   │  ✓   ┃
+┃ scalene      │ CPU+Memory │ scalene test.py               │   ✓   │  ×   ┃
+┃ memray       │   Memory   │ memray run --live test.py     │   ✓   │  ✓   ┃
+┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━┛
 </code></pre></div>

 <div><h2 id="numpy"><a href="#numpy" name="numpy">#</a>NumPy</h2><p><strong>Array manipulation mini-language. It can run up to one hundred times faster than the equivalent Python code. An even faster alternative that runs on a GPU is called CuPy.</strong></p><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-comment"># $ pip3 install numpy</span>
@ -2935,7 +2932,7 @@ $ deactivate                  <span class="hljs-comment"># Deactivates the activ
 

  <footer>
-    <aside>April 14, 2024</aside>
+    <aside>April 15, 2024</aside>
    <a href="https://gto76.github.io" rel="author">Jure Šorn</a>
  </footer>

--- a/parse.js
+++ b/parse.js
@ -522,19 +522,19 @@ const DIAGRAM_11_B =
  '┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛\n';

 const DIAGRAM_115_A =
-  '+--------------+----------+------------+-------------------------------+------+\n' +
-  '| pip3 install |   Type   |   Target   |          How to run           | Live |\n' +
-  '+--------------+----------+------------+-------------------------------+------+\n';
+  '+--------------+------------+-------------------------------+-------+------+\n' +
+  '| pip3 install |   Target   |          How to run           | Lines | Live |\n' +
+  '+--------------+------------+-------------------------------+-------+------+\n';

 const DIAGRAM_115_B =
-  '┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━┓\n' +
-  '┃ pip3 install │   Type   │   Target   │          How to run           │ Live ┃\n' +
-  '┠──────────────┼──────────┼────────────┼───────────────────────────────┼──────┨\n' +
-  '┃ pyinstrument │ Sampling │    CPU     │ pyinstrument test.py          │  ×   ┃\n' +
-  '┃ py-spy       │ Sampling │    CPU     │ py-spy top -- python3 test.py │  ✓   ┃\n' +
-  '┃ scalene      │ Sampling │ CPU+Memory │ scalene test.py               │  ×   ┃\n' +
-  '┃ memray       │ Tracing  │   Memory   │ memray run --live test.py     │  ✓   ┃\n' +
-  '┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━┛\n';
+  '┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━┓\n' +
+  '┃ pip3 install │   Target   │          How to run           │ Lines │ Live ┃\n' +
+  '┠──────────────┼────────────┼───────────────────────────────┼───────┼──────┨\n' +
+  '┃ pyinstrument │    CPU     │ pyinstrument test.py          │   ×   │  ×   ┃\n' +
+  '┃ py-spy       │    CPU     │ py-spy top -- python3 test.py │   ×   │  ✓   ┃\n' +
+  '┃ scalene      │ CPU+Memory │ scalene test.py               │   ✓   │  ×   ┃\n' +
+  '┃ memray       │   Memory   │ memray run --live test.py     │   ✓   │  ✓   ┃\n' +
+  '┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━┛\n';

 const DIAGRAM_12_A =
  '+-----------+-----------+------+-----------+\n' +