diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index a43225b..eac1b55 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -494,64 +494,69 @@ Format
Numbers
-------
```python
-<int> = int(<float/str/bool>) # Or: math.trunc(<float>)
-<float> = float(<int/str/bool>) # Or: <int/float>e±<int>
-<complex> = complex(real=0, imag=0) # Or: <int/float> ± <int/float>j
-<Fraction> = fractions.Fraction(0, 1) # Or: Fraction(numerator=0, denominator=1)
-<Decimal> = decimal.Decimal(<str/int>) # Or: Decimal((sign, digits, exponent))
+<int> = int(<float/str/bool>) # Or: math.trunc(<float>)
+<float> = float(<int/str/bool>) # Or: <int/float>e±<int>
+<complex> = complex(real=0, imag=0) # Or: <int/float> ± <int/float>j
+<Fraction> = fractions.Fraction(0, 1) # Or: Fraction(numerator=0, denominator=1)
+<Decimal> = decimal.Decimal(<str/int>) # Or: Decimal((sign, digits, exponent))
```
+* **`'int(<str>)'` and `'float(<str>)'` raise ValueError on malformed strings.**
* **Decimal numbers are stored exactly, unlike most floats where `'1.1 + 2.2 != 3.3'`.**
* **Floats can be compared with: `'math.isclose(<float>, <float>)'`.**
* **Precision of decimal operations is set with: `'decimal.getcontext().prec = <int>'`.**
* **Bools can be used anywhere ints can, because bool is a subclass of int: `'True + 1 == 2'`.**
-### Basic Functions
+### Built-in Functions
```python
-<num> = pow(<num>, <num>) # Or: <number> ** <number>
-<num> = abs(<num>) # <float> = abs(<complex>)
-<num> = round(<num> [, ±ndigits]) # `round(126, -1) == 130`
+<num> = pow(<num>, <num>) # Or: <number> ** <number>
+<num> = abs(<num>) # <float> = abs(<complex>)
+<num> = round(<num> [, ±ndigits]) # Also math.floor/ceil(<number>).
+<num> = min(<collection>) # Also max(<num>, <num> [, ...]).
+<num> = sum(<collection>) # Also math.prod(<collection>).
```
### Math
```python
-from math import e, pi, inf, nan, isinf, isnan # `<el> == nan` is always False.
-from math import sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan # Also: degrees, radians.
-from math import log, log10, log2 # Log can accept base as second arg.
+from math import e, pi, inf, nan, isnan # `inf*0` and `nan+1` return nan.
+from math import sqrt, factorial # `sqrt(-1)` raises ValueError.
+from math import sin, cos, tan # Also: asin, degrees, radians.
+from math import log, log10, log2 # Log accepts base as second arg.
```
### Statistics
```python
-from statistics import mean, median, variance # Also: stdev, quantiles, groupby.
+from statistics import mean, median, mode # Mode returns the most common value.
+from statistics import variance, stdev # Also: pvariance, pstdev, quantiles.
```
### Random
```python
-from random import random, randint, uniform # Also: gauss, choice, shuffle, seed.
+from random import random, randint, uniform # Also: gauss, choice, shuffle, seed.
```
```python
-<float> = random() # Returns a float inside [0, 1).
-<num> = randint/uniform(a, b) # Returns an int/float inside [a, b].
-<float> = gauss(mean, stdev) # Also triangular(low, high, mode).
-<el> = choice(<sequence>) # Keeps it intact. Also sample(pop, k).
-shuffle(<list>) # Shuffles the list in place.
+<float> = random() # Returns a float inside [0, 1).
+<num> = randint/uniform(a, b) # Returns an int/float inside [a, b].
+<float> = gauss(mean, stdev) # Also triangular(low, high, mode).
+<el> = choice(<sequence>) # Keeps it intact. Also sample(pop, k).
+shuffle(<list>) # Shuffles the list in place.
```
### Hexadecimal Numbers
```python
-<int> = ±0x<hex> # Or: ±0b<bin>
-<int> = int('±<hex>', 16) # Or: int('±<bin>', 2)
-<int> = int('±0x<hex>', 0) # Or: int('±0b<bin>', 0)
-<str> = hex(<int>) # Returns '[-]0x<hex>'. Also bin().
+<int> = ±0x<hex> # Or: ±0b<bin>
+<int> = int('±<hex>', 16) # Or: int('±<bin>', 2)
+<int> = int('±0x<hex>', 0) # Or: int('±0b<bin>', 0)
+<str> = hex(<int>) # Returns '[-]0x<hex>'. Also bin().
```
### Bitwise Operators
```python
-<int> = <int> & <int> # And (0b1100 & 0b1010 == 0b1000).
-<int> = <int> | <int> # Or (0b1100 | 0b1010 == 0b1110).
-<int> = <int> ^ <int> # Xor (0b1100 ^ 0b1010 == 0b0110).
-<int> = <int> << n_bits # Left shift. Use >> for right.
-<int> = ~<int> # Not. Also -<int> - 1.
+<int> = <int> & <int> # And (0b1100 & 0b1010 == 0b1000).
+<int> = <int> | <int> # Or (0b1100 | 0b1010 == 0b1110).
+<int> = <int> ^ <int> # Xor (0b1100 ^ 0b1010 == 0b0110).
+<int> = <int> << n_bits # Left shift. Use >> for right.
+<int> = ~<int> # Not. Also -<int> - 1.
```
@@ -562,30 +567,24 @@ import itertools as it
```
```python
->>> list(it.product([0, 1], repeat=3))
-[(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1),
- (1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)]
+>>> list(it.product('abc', repeat=2)) # a b c
+[('a', 'a'), ('a', 'b'), ('a', 'c'), # a x x x
+ ('b', 'a'), ('b', 'b'), ('b', 'c'), # b x x x
+ ('c', 'a'), ('c', 'b'), ('c', 'c')] # c x x x
```
```python
->>> list(it.product('abc', 'abc')) # a b c
-[('a', 'a'), ('a', 'b'), ('a', 'c'), # a x x x
- ('b', 'a'), ('b', 'b'), ('b', 'c'), # b x x x
- ('c', 'a'), ('c', 'b'), ('c', 'c')] # c x x x
+>>> list(it.permutations('abc', 2)) # a b c
+[('a', 'b'), ('a', 'c'), # a . x x
+ ('b', 'a'), ('b', 'c'), # b x . x
+ ('c', 'a'), ('c', 'b')] # c x x .
```
```python
->>> list(it.permutations('abc', 2)) # a b c
-[('a', 'b'), ('a', 'c'), # a . x x
- ('b', 'a'), ('b', 'c'), # b x . x
- ('c', 'a'), ('c', 'b')] # c x x .
-```
-
-```python
->>> list(it.combinations('abc', 2)) # a b c
-[('a', 'b'), ('a', 'c'), # a . x x
- ('b', 'c'), # b . . x
-] # c . . .
+>>> list(it.combinations('abc', 2)) # a b c
+[('a', 'b'), ('a', 'c'), # a . x x
+ ('b', 'c'), # b . . x
+] # c . . .
```
@@ -1183,7 +1182,7 @@ class Counter:
### Callable
* **All functions and classes have a call() method, hence are callable.**
-* **Use `'callable(<obj>)'` or `'isinstance(<obj>, collections.abc.Callable)'` to check if object is callable.**
+* **Use `'callable(<obj>)'` or `'isinstance(<obj>, collections.abc.Callable)'` to check if object is callable. Calling an uncallable object raises `'TypeError'`.**
* **When this cheatsheet uses `'<function>'` as an argument, it means `'<callable>'`.**
```python
class Counter:
@@ -2435,7 +2434,7 @@ Console App
```python
# $ pip3 install windows-curses
import curses, os
-from curses import A_REVERSE, KEY_UP, KEY_DOWN, KEY_LEFT, KEY_RIGHT, KEY_ENTER
+from curses import A_REVERSE, KEY_UP, KEY_DOWN, KEY_LEFT, KEY_RIGHT
def main(screen):
ch, first, selected, paths = 0, 0, 0, os.listdir()
@@ -2450,7 +2449,7 @@ def main(screen):
selected += (ch == KEY_DOWN) and (selected < len(paths)-1)
first -= (first > selected)
first += (first < selected-(height-1))
- if ch in [KEY_LEFT, KEY_RIGHT, KEY_ENTER, ord('\n'), ord('\r')]:
+ if ch in [KEY_LEFT, KEY_RIGHT, ord('\n')]:
new_dir = '..' if ch == KEY_LEFT else paths[selected]
if os.path.isdir(new_dir):
os.chdir(new_dir)
@@ -2469,9 +2468,9 @@ GUI App
# $ pip3 install PySimpleGUI
import PySimpleGUI as sg
-text_box = sg.Input(default_text='100', enable_events=True, key='-QUANTITY-')
-dropdown = sg.InputCombo(['g', 'kg', 't'], 'kg', readonly=True, enable_events=True, k='-UNIT-')
-label = sg.Text('100 kg is 220.462 lbs.', key='-OUTPUT-')
+text_box = sg.Input(default_text='100', enable_events=True, key='QUANTITY')
+dropdown = sg.InputCombo(['g', 'kg', 't'], 'kg', readonly=True, enable_events=True, k='UNIT')
+label = sg.Text('100 kg is 220.462 lbs.', key='OUTPUT')
button = sg.Button('Close')
window = sg.Window('Weight Converter', [[text_box, dropdown], [label], [button]])
@@ -2480,13 +2479,13 @@ while True:
if event in [sg.WIN_CLOSED, 'Close']:
break
try:
- quantity = float(values['-QUANTITY-'])
+ quantity = float(values['QUANTITY'])
except ValueError:
continue
- unit = values['-UNIT-']
+ unit = values['UNIT']
factors = {'g': 0.001, 'kg': 1, 't': 1000}
lbs = quantity * factors[unit] / 0.45359237
- window['-OUTPUT-'].update(value=f'{quantity} {unit} is {lbs:g} lbs.')
+ window['OUTPUT'].update(value=f'{quantity} {unit} is {lbs:g} lbs.')
window.close()
```
@@ -2552,14 +2551,14 @@ app.run(host=None, port=None, debug=None) # Or: $ flask --app FILE run [--ARG[=
* **Install a WSGI server like [Waitress](https://flask.palletsprojects.com/en/latest/deploying/waitress/) and a HTTP server such as [Nginx](https://flask.palletsprojects.com/en/latest/deploying/nginx/) for better security.**
* **Debug mode restarts the app whenever script changes and displays errors in the browser.**
-### Static Request
+### Serving Files
```python
@app.route('/img/<path:filename>')
def serve_file(filename):
return fl.send_from_directory('DIRNAME', filename)
```
-### Dynamic Request
+### Serving HTML
```python
@app.route('/<sport>')
def serve_html(sport):
@@ -2570,7 +2569,7 @@ def serve_html(sport):
* **`'fl.request.args[<str>]'` returns parameter from query string (URL part right of '?').**
* **`'fl.session[<str>] = <obj>'` stores session data. It requires secret key to be set at the startup with `'app.secret_key = <str>'`.**
-### REST Request
+### Serving JSON
```python
@app.post('/<sport>/odds')
def serve_json(sport):
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 89dbbe4..7e80673 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
<body>
<header>
- <aside>April 17, 2025</aside>
+ <aside>April 22, 2025</aside>
<a href="https://gto76.github.io" rel="author">Jure Šorn</a>
</header>
@@ -455,75 +455,76 @@ Point(x=<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, y=<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
{<span class="hljs-number">90</span>:X} <span class="hljs-comment"># '5A'. Hexadecimal with upper-case letters.</span>
</code></pre></div>
-<div><h2 id="numbers"><a href="#numbers" name="numbers">#</a>Numbers</h2><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><int> = int(<float/str/bool>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: math.trunc(<float>)</span>
-<float> = float(<int/str/bool>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: <int/float>e±<int></span>
-<complex> = complex(real=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, imag=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: <int/float> ± <int/float>j</span>
-<Fraction> = fractions.Fraction(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: Fraction(numerator=0, denominator=1)</span>
-<Decimal> = decimal.Decimal(<str/int>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: Decimal((sign, digits, exponent))</span>
+<div><h2 id="numbers"><a href="#numbers" name="numbers">#</a>Numbers</h2><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><int> = int(<float/str/bool>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: math.trunc(<float>)</span>
+<float> = float(<int/str/bool>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: <int/float>e±<int></span>
+<complex> = complex(real=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, imag=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: <int/float> ± <int/float>j</span>
+<Fraction> = fractions.Fraction(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: Fraction(numerator=0, denominator=1)</span>
+<Decimal> = decimal.Decimal(<str/int>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: Decimal((sign, digits, exponent))</span>
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
+<li><strong><code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'int(<str>)'</span></code> and <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'float(<str>)'</span></code> raise ValueError on malformed strings.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Decimal numbers are stored exactly, unlike most floats where <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'1.1 + 2.2 != 3.3'</span></code>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Floats can be compared with: <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'math.isclose(<float>, <float>)'</span></code>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Precision of decimal operations is set with: <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'decimal.getcontext().prec = <int>'</span></code>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Bools can be used anywhere ints can, because bool is a subclass of int: <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'True + 1 == 2'</span></code>.</strong></li>
</ul>
-<div><h3 id="basicfunctions">Basic Functions</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><num> = pow(<num>, <num>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: <number> ** <number></span>
-<num> = abs(<num>) <span class="hljs-comment"># <float> = abs(<complex>)</span>
-<num> = round(<num> [, ±ndigits]) <span class="hljs-comment"># `round(126, -1) == 130`</span>
+<div><h3 id="builtinfunctions">Built-in Functions</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><num> = pow(<num>, <num>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: <number> ** <number></span>
+<num> = abs(<num>) <span class="hljs-comment"># <float> = abs(<complex>)</span>
+<num> = round(<num> [, ±ndigits]) <span class="hljs-comment"># Also math.floor/ceil(<number>).</span>
+<num> = min(<collection>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Also max(<num>, <num> [, ...]).</span>
+<num> = sum(<collection>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Also math.prod(<collection>).</span>
</code></pre></div>
-<div><h3 id="math">Math</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> math <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> e, pi, inf, nan, isinf, isnan <span class="hljs-comment"># `<el> == nan` is always False.</span>
-<span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> math <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan <span class="hljs-comment"># Also: degrees, radians.</span>
-<span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> math <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> log, log10, log2 <span class="hljs-comment"># Log can accept base as second arg.</span>
+<div><h3 id="math">Math</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> math <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> e, pi, inf, nan, isnan <span class="hljs-comment"># `inf*0` and `nan+1` return nan.</span>
+<span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> math <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> sqrt, factorial <span class="hljs-comment"># `sqrt(-1)` raises ValueError.</span>
+<span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> math <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> sin, cos, tan <span class="hljs-comment"># Also: asin, degrees, radians.</span>
+<span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> math <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> log, log10, log2 <span class="hljs-comment"># Log accepts base as second arg.</span>
</code></pre></div>
-<div><h3 id="statistics">Statistics</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> statistics <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> mean, median, variance <span class="hljs-comment"># Also: stdev, quantiles, groupby.</span>
+<div><h3 id="statistics">Statistics</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> statistics <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> mean, median, mode <span class="hljs-comment"># Mode returns the most common value.</span>
+<span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> statistics <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> variance, stdev <span class="hljs-comment"># Also: pvariance, pstdev, quantiles.</span>
</code></pre></div>
-<div><h3 id="random">Random</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> random <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> random, randint, uniform <span class="hljs-comment"># Also: gauss, choice, shuffle, seed.</span>
+<div><h3 id="random">Random</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> random <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> random, randint, uniform <span class="hljs-comment"># Also: gauss, choice, shuffle, seed.</span>
</code></pre></div>
-<pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><float> = random() <span class="hljs-comment"># Returns a float inside [0, 1).</span>
-<num> = randint/uniform(a, b) <span class="hljs-comment"># Returns an int/float inside [a, b].</span>
-<float> = gauss(mean, stdev) <span class="hljs-comment"># Also triangular(low, high, mode).</span>
-<el> = choice(<sequence>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Keeps it intact. Also sample(pop, k).</span>
-shuffle(<list>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Shuffles the list in place.</span>
+<pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><float> = random() <span class="hljs-comment"># Returns a float inside [0, 1).</span>
+<num> = randint/uniform(a, b) <span class="hljs-comment"># Returns an int/float inside [a, b].</span>
+<float> = gauss(mean, stdev) <span class="hljs-comment"># Also triangular(low, high, mode).</span>
+<el> = choice(<sequence>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Keeps it intact. Also sample(pop, k).</span>
+shuffle(<list>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Shuffles the list in place.</span>
</code></pre>
-<div><h3 id="hexadecimalnumbers">Hexadecimal Numbers</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><int> = ±<span class="hljs-number">0x</span><hex> <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: ±0b<bin></span>
-<int> = int(<span class="hljs-string">'±<hex>'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">16</span>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: int('±<bin>', 2)</span>
-<int> = int(<span class="hljs-string">'±0x<hex>'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: int('±0b<bin>', 0)</span>
-<str> = hex(<int>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Returns '[-]0x<hex>'. Also bin().</span>
+<div><h3 id="hexadecimalnumbers">Hexadecimal Numbers</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><int> = ±<span class="hljs-number">0x</span><hex> <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: ±0b<bin></span>
+<int> = int(<span class="hljs-string">'±<hex>'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">16</span>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: int('±<bin>', 2)</span>
+<int> = int(<span class="hljs-string">'±0x<hex>'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: int('±0b<bin>', 0)</span>
+<str> = hex(<int>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Returns '[-]0x<hex>'. Also bin().</span>
</code></pre></div>
-<div><h3 id="bitwiseoperators">Bitwise Operators</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><int> = <int> & <int> <span class="hljs-comment"># And (0b1100 & 0b1010 == 0b1000).</span>
-<int> = <int> | <int> <span class="hljs-comment"># Or (0b1100 | 0b1010 == 0b1110).</span>
-<int> = <int> ^ <int> <span class="hljs-comment"># Xor (0b1100 ^ 0b1010 == 0b0110).</span>
-<int> = <int> << n_bits <span class="hljs-comment"># Left shift. Use >> for right.</span>
-<int> = ~<int> <span class="hljs-comment"># Not. Also -<int> - 1.</span>
+<div><h3 id="bitwiseoperators">Bitwise Operators</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><int> = <int> & <int> <span class="hljs-comment"># And (0b1100 & 0b1010 == 0b1000).</span>
+<int> = <int> | <int> <span class="hljs-comment"># Or (0b1100 | 0b1010 == 0b1110).</span>
+<int> = <int> ^ <int> <span class="hljs-comment"># Xor (0b1100 ^ 0b1010 == 0b0110).</span>
+<int> = <int> << n_bits <span class="hljs-comment"># Left shift. Use >> for right.</span>
+<int> = ~<int> <span class="hljs-comment"># Not. Also -<int> - 1.</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div><h2 id="combinatorics"><a href="#combinatorics" name="combinatorics">#</a>Combinatorics</h2><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> itertools <span class="hljs-keyword">as</span> it
</code></pre></div>
-<pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">>>> </span>list(it.product([<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>], repeat=<span class="hljs-number">3</span>))
-[(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>),
- (<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>)]
+<pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">>>> </span>list(it.product(<span class="hljs-string">'abc'</span>, repeat=<span class="hljs-number">2</span>)) <span class="hljs-comment"># a b c</span>
+[(<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>), <span class="hljs-comment"># a x x x</span>
+ (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>), <span class="hljs-comment"># b x x x</span>
+ (<span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>)] <span class="hljs-comment"># c x x x</span>
</code></pre>
-<pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">>>> </span>list(it.product(<span class="hljs-string">'abc'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'abc'</span>)) <span class="hljs-comment"># a b c</span>
-[(<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>), <span class="hljs-comment"># a x x x</span>
- (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>), <span class="hljs-comment"># b x x x</span>
- (<span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>)] <span class="hljs-comment"># c x x x</span>
+<pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">>>> </span>list(it.permutations(<span class="hljs-string">'abc'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>)) <span class="hljs-comment"># a b c</span>
+[(<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>), <span class="hljs-comment"># a . x x</span>
+ (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>), <span class="hljs-comment"># b x . x</span>
+ (<span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>)] <span class="hljs-comment"># c x x .</span>
</code></pre>
-<pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">>>> </span>list(it.permutations(<span class="hljs-string">'abc'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>)) <span class="hljs-comment"># a b c</span>
-[(<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>), <span class="hljs-comment"># a . x x</span>
- (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>), <span class="hljs-comment"># b x . x</span>
- (<span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>)] <span class="hljs-comment"># c x x .</span>
-</code></pre>
-<pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">>>> </span>list(it.combinations(<span class="hljs-string">'abc'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>)) <span class="hljs-comment"># a b c</span>
-[(<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>), <span class="hljs-comment"># a . x x</span>
- (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>), <span class="hljs-comment"># b . . x</span>
-] <span class="hljs-comment"># c . . .</span>
+<pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">>>> </span>list(it.combinations(<span class="hljs-string">'abc'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>)) <span class="hljs-comment"># a b c</span>
+[(<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>), (<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>), <span class="hljs-comment"># a . x x</span>
+ (<span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>), <span class="hljs-comment"># b . . x</span>
+] <span class="hljs-comment"># c . . .</span>
</code></pre>
<div><h2 id="datetime"><a href="#datetime" name="datetime">#</a>Datetime</h2><p><strong>Provides 'date', 'time', 'datetime' and 'timedelta' classes. All are immutable and hashable.</strong></p><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-comment"># $ pip3 install python-dateutil</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> datetime <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> date, time, datetime, timedelta, timezone
@@ -1012,7 +1013,7 @@ P = make_dataclass(<span class="hljs-string">'P'</span>, [(<span class="hljs-str
<li><strong>File objects returned by the <a href="#open">open()</a> function, etc.</strong></li>
</ul><div><h3 id="callable">Callable</h3><ul>
<li><strong>All functions and classes have a call() method, hence are callable.</strong></li>
-<li><strong>Use <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'callable(<obj>)'</span></code> or <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'isinstance(<obj>, collections.abc.Callable)'</span></code> to check if object is callable.</strong></li>
+<li><strong>Use <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'callable(<obj>)'</span></code> or <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'isinstance(<obj>, collections.abc.Callable)'</span></code> to check if object is callable. Calling an uncallable object raises <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'TypeError'</span></code>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>When this cheatsheet uses <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'<function>'</span></code> as an argument, it means <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'<callable>'</span></code>.</strong></li>
</ul><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">Counter</span>:</span>
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">__init__</span><span class="hljs-params">(self)</span>:</span>
@@ -2004,7 +2005,7 @@ print(tabulate.tabulate(rows, headers=<span class="hljs-string">'firstrow'</span
<div><h2 id="consoleapp"><a href="#consoleapp" name="consoleapp">#</a>Console App</h2><div><h4 id="runsabasicfileexplorerintheconsole">Runs a basic file explorer in the console:</h4><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-comment"># $ pip3 install windows-curses</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> curses, os
-<span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> curses <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> A_REVERSE, KEY_UP, KEY_DOWN, KEY_LEFT, KEY_RIGHT, KEY_ENTER
+<span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> curses <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> A_REVERSE, KEY_UP, KEY_DOWN, KEY_LEFT, KEY_RIGHT
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span><span class="hljs-params">(screen)</span>:</span>
ch, first, selected, paths = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>, os.listdir()
@@ -2019,7 +2020,7 @@ print(tabulate.tabulate(rows, headers=<span class="hljs-string">'firstrow'</span
selected += (ch == KEY_DOWN) <span class="hljs-keyword">and</span> (selected < len(paths)-<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)
first -= (first > selected)
first += (first < selected-(height-<span class="hljs-number">1</span>))
- <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> ch <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> [KEY_LEFT, KEY_RIGHT, KEY_ENTER, ord(<span class="hljs-string">'\n'</span>), ord(<span class="hljs-string">'\r'</span>)]:
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> ch <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> [KEY_LEFT, KEY_RIGHT, ord(<span class="hljs-string">'\n'</span>)]:
new_dir = <span class="hljs-string">'..'</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> ch == KEY_LEFT <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> paths[selected]
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> os.path.isdir(new_dir):
os.chdir(new_dir)
@@ -2033,9 +2034,9 @@ print(tabulate.tabulate(rows, headers=<span class="hljs-string">'firstrow'</span
<div><h2 id="guiapp"><a href="#guiapp" name="guiapp">#</a>GUI App</h2><div><h4 id="aweightconverterguiapplication">A weight converter GUI application:</h4><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-comment"># $ pip3 install PySimpleGUI</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> PySimpleGUI <span class="hljs-keyword">as</span> sg
-text_box = sg.Input(default_text=<span class="hljs-string">'100'</span>, enable_events=<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>, key=<span class="hljs-string">'-QUANTITY-'</span>)
-dropdown = sg.InputCombo([<span class="hljs-string">'g'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'kg'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'t'</span>], <span class="hljs-string">'kg'</span>, readonly=<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>, enable_events=<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>, k=<span class="hljs-string">'-UNIT-'</span>)
-label = sg.Text(<span class="hljs-string">'100 kg is 220.462 lbs.'</span>, key=<span class="hljs-string">'-OUTPUT-'</span>)
+text_box = sg.Input(default_text=<span class="hljs-string">'100'</span>, enable_events=<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>, key=<span class="hljs-string">'QUANTITY'</span>)
+dropdown = sg.InputCombo([<span class="hljs-string">'g'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'kg'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'t'</span>], <span class="hljs-string">'kg'</span>, readonly=<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>, enable_events=<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>, k=<span class="hljs-string">'UNIT'</span>)
+label = sg.Text(<span class="hljs-string">'100 kg is 220.462 lbs.'</span>, key=<span class="hljs-string">'OUTPUT'</span>)
button = sg.Button(<span class="hljs-string">'Close'</span>)
window = sg.Window(<span class="hljs-string">'Weight Converter'</span>, [[text_box, dropdown], [label], [button]])
@@ -2044,13 +2045,13 @@ window = sg.Window(<span class="hljs-string">'Weight Converter'</span>, [[text
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> event <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> [sg.WIN_CLOSED, <span class="hljs-string">'Close'</span>]:
<span class="hljs-keyword">break</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">try</span>:
- quantity = float(values[<span class="hljs-string">'-QUANTITY-'</span>])
+ quantity = float(values[<span class="hljs-string">'QUANTITY'</span>])
<span class="hljs-keyword">except</span> ValueError:
<span class="hljs-keyword">continue</span>
- unit = values[<span class="hljs-string">'-UNIT-'</span>]
+ unit = values[<span class="hljs-string">'UNIT'</span>]
factors = {<span class="hljs-string">'g'</span>: <span class="hljs-number">0.001</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'kg'</span>: <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'t'</span>: <span class="hljs-number">1000</span>}
lbs = quantity * factors[unit] / <span class="hljs-number">0.45359237</span>
- window[<span class="hljs-string">'-OUTPUT-'</span>].update(value=<span class="hljs-string">f'<span class="hljs-subst">{quantity}</span> <span class="hljs-subst">{unit}</span> is <span class="hljs-subst">{lbs:g}</span> lbs.'</span>)
+ window[<span class="hljs-string">'OUTPUT'</span>].update(value=<span class="hljs-string">f'<span class="hljs-subst">{quantity}</span> <span class="hljs-subst">{unit}</span> is <span class="hljs-subst">{lbs:g}</span> lbs.'</span>)
window.close()
</code></pre></div></div>
@@ -2105,12 +2106,12 @@ app.run(host=<span class="hljs-keyword">None</span>, port=<span class="hljs-keyw
<li><strong>Install a WSGI server like <a href="https://flask.palletsprojects.com/en/latest/deploying/waitress/">Waitress</a> and a HTTP server such as <a href="https://flask.palletsprojects.com/en/latest/deploying/nginx/">Nginx</a> for better security.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Debug mode restarts the app whenever script changes and displays errors in the browser.</strong></li>
</ul>
-<div><h3 id="staticrequest">Static Request</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">@app.route('/img/<path:filename>')</span>
+<div><h3 id="servingfiles">Serving Files</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">@app.route('/img/<path:filename>')</span>
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">serve_file</span><span class="hljs-params">(filename)</span>:</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> fl.send_from_directory(<span class="hljs-string">'DIRNAME'</span>, filename)
</code></pre></div>
-<div><h3 id="dynamicrequest">Dynamic Request</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">@app.route('/<sport>')</span>
+<div><h3 id="servinghtml">Serving HTML</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">@app.route('/<sport>')</span>
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">serve_html</span><span class="hljs-params">(sport)</span>:</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> fl.render_template_string(<span class="hljs-string">'<h1>{{title}}</h1>'</span>, title=sport)
</code></pre></div>
@@ -2121,7 +2122,7 @@ app.run(host=<span class="hljs-keyword">None</span>, port=<span class="hljs-keyw
<li><strong><code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'fl.request.args[<str>]'</span></code> returns parameter from query string (URL part right of '?').</strong></li>
<li><strong><code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'fl.session[<str>] = <obj>'</span></code> stores session data. It requires secret key to be set at the startup with <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'app.secret_key = <str>'</span></code>.</strong></li>
</ul>
-<div><h3 id="restrequest">REST Request</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">@app.post('/<sport>/odds')</span>
+<div><h3 id="servingjson">Serving JSON</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">@app.post('/<sport>/odds')</span>
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">serve_json</span><span class="hljs-params">(sport)</span>:</span>
team = fl.request.form[<span class="hljs-string">'team'</span>]
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> {<span class="hljs-string">'team'</span>: team, <span class="hljs-string">'odds'</span>: [<span class="hljs-number">2.09</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3.74</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3.68</span>]}
@@ -2943,7 +2944,7 @@ $ deactivate <span class="hljs-comment"># Deactivates the active
<footer>
- <aside>April 17, 2025</aside>
+ <aside>April 22, 2025</aside>
<a href="https://gto76.github.io" rel="author">Jure Šorn</a>
</footer>
diff --git a/parse.js b/parse.js
index 7e38b93..c1e0bd1 100755
--- a/parse.js
+++ b/parse.js
@@ -43,10 +43,10 @@ const TOC =
'</code></pre>\n';
const BIN_HEX =
- '<int> = ±<span class="hljs-number">0x</span><hex> <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: ±0b<bin></span>\n' +
- '<int> = int(<span class="hljs-string">\'±<hex>\'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">16</span>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: int(\'±<bin>\', 2)</span>\n' +
- '<int> = int(<span class="hljs-string">\'±0x<hex>\'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: int(\'±0b<bin>\', 0)</span>\n' +
- '<str> = hex(<int>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Returns \'[-]0x<hex>\'. Also bin().</span>\n';
+ '<int> = ±<span class="hljs-number">0x</span><hex> <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: ±0b<bin></span>\n' +
+ '<int> = int(<span class="hljs-string">\'±<hex>\'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">16</span>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: int(\'±<bin>\', 2)</span>\n' +
+ '<int> = int(<span class="hljs-string">\'±0x<hex>\'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Or: int(\'±0b<bin>\', 0)</span>\n' +
+ '<str> = hex(<int>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Returns \'[-]0x<hex>\'. Also bin().</span>\n';
const CACHE =
'<span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> functools <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> cache\n' +
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ const COROUTINES =
const CURSES =
'<span class="hljs-comment"># $ pip3 install windows-curses</span>\n' +
'<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> curses, os\n' +
- '<span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> curses <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> A_REVERSE, KEY_UP, KEY_DOWN, KEY_LEFT, KEY_RIGHT, KEY_ENTER\n' +
+ '<span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> curses <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> A_REVERSE, KEY_UP, KEY_DOWN, KEY_LEFT, KEY_RIGHT\n' +
'\n' +
'<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span><span class="hljs-params">(screen)</span>:</span>\n' +
' ch, first, selected, paths = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>, os.listdir()\n' +
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ const CURSES =
' selected += (ch == KEY_DOWN) <span class="hljs-keyword">and</span> (selected < len(paths)-<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)\n' +
' first -= (first > selected)\n' +
' first += (first < selected-(height-<span class="hljs-number">1</span>))\n' +
- ' <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> ch <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> [KEY_LEFT, KEY_RIGHT, KEY_ENTER, ord(<span class="hljs-string">\'\\n\'</span>), ord(<span class="hljs-string">\'\\r\'</span>)]:\n' +
+ ' <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> ch <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> [KEY_LEFT, KEY_RIGHT, ord(<span class="hljs-string">\'\\n\'</span>)]:\n' +
' new_dir = <span class="hljs-string">\'..\'</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> ch == KEY_LEFT <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> paths[selected]\n' +
' <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> os.path.isdir(new_dir):\n' +
' os.chdir(new_dir)\n' +
diff --git a/pdf/index_for_pdf.html b/pdf/index_for_pdf.html
index a4a44cc..9cb299e 100644
--- a/pdf/index_for_pdf.html
+++ b/pdf/index_for_pdf.html
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
<strong>iterator, <a href="#enumerate">3</a>-<a href="#generator">4</a>, <a href="#comprehensions">11</a>, <a href="#iterator-1">17</a></strong><br>
<strong>itertools module, <a href="#itertools">3</a>, <a href="#combinatorics">8</a></strong> </p>
<h3 id="j">J</h3>
-<p><strong>json, <a href="#json">25</a>, <a href="#restrequest">36</a>, <a href="#fileformats">46</a></strong> </p>
+<p><strong>json, <a href="#json">25</a>, <a href="#servingjson">36</a>, <a href="#fileformats">46</a></strong> </p>
<h3 id="l">L</h3>
<p><strong>lambda, <a href="#lambda">11</a></strong><br>
<strong>lists, <a href="#list">1</a>-<a href="#list">2</a>, <a href="#abstractbaseclasses">4</a>, <a href="#otheruses">10</a>-<a href="#comprehensions">11</a>, <a href="#sequence">18</a>-<a href="#abcsequence">19</a>, <a href="#collectionsandtheirexceptions">21</a></strong><br>
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@
<strong>sys module, <a href="#cache">13</a>, <a href="#exit">21</a>-<a href="#commandlinearguments">22</a></strong> </p>
<h3 id="t">T</h3>
<p><strong>table, <a href="#csv">26</a>, <a href="#example-1">27</a>, <a href="#table">34</a>, <a href="#numpy">37</a>-<a href="#indexing">38</a>, <a href="#dataframe">45</a>-<a href="#dataframeaggregatetransformmap">46</a></strong><br>
-<strong>template, <a href="#format">6</a>, <a href="#dynamicrequest">36</a></strong><br>
+<strong>template, <a href="#format">6</a>, <a href="#servinghtml">36</a></strong><br>
<strong>threading module, <a href="#threading">32</a>, <a href="#startstheappinitsownthreadandqueriesitsrestapi">36</a></strong><br>
<strong>time module, <a href="#progressbar">34</a>, <a href="#profiling">36</a></strong><br>
<strong>tuples, <a href="#tuple">3</a>, <a href="#abstractbaseclasses">4</a>, <a href="#otheruses">10</a>-<a href="#comprehensions">11</a>, <a href="#sequence">18</a>-<a href="#abcsequence">19</a></strong><br>