From 32e730e930943384f96236ca370e7c29b700e005 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= Date: Fri, 30 May 2025 07:33:06 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] String, Class, Image, Pygame --- README.md | 49 +++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------------- index.html | 53 +++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- parse.js | 3 +-- 3 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 82173e8..38278b3 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -337,8 +337,8 @@ String ``` ```python - = chr() # Converts int to Unicode character. - = ord() # Converts Unicode character to int. + = chr() # Converts passed integer to Unicode character. + = ord() # Converts passed Unicode character to integer. ``` * **Use `'unicodedata.normalize("NFC", )'` on strings like `'Motörhead'` before comparing them to other strings, because `'ö'` can be stored as one or two characters.** * **`'NFC'` converts such characters to a single character, while `'NFD'` converts them to two.** @@ -972,9 +972,8 @@ class MyClass: >>> obj.a, str(obj), repr(obj) (1, '1', 'MyClass(1)') ``` -* **Return value of str() should be readable and of repr() unambiguous.** -* **If only repr() is defined, it will also be used for str().** -* **Methods decorated with `'@staticmethod'` do not receive 'self' nor 'cls' as their first argument.** +* **Methods whose names start and end with two underscores are called special methods. They are executed when object is passed to a built-in function or used as an operand, for example, `'print(a)'` calls `'a.__str__()'` and `'a + b'` calls `'a.__add__(b)'`.** +* **Return value of str() special method should be readable and of repr() unambiguous. If only repr() is defined, it will also be used for str().** #### Expressions that call the str() method: ```python @@ -982,7 +981,6 @@ print() f'{}' logging.warning() csv.writer().writerow([]) -raise Exception() ``` #### Expressions that call the repr() method: @@ -991,11 +989,10 @@ print/str/repr([]) print/str/repr({: }) f'{!r}' Z = make_dataclass('Z', ['a']); print/str/repr(Z()) ->>> ``` ### Subclass -* **Inheritance is a mechanism that enables a class to extend another class (subclass to extend its parent), and by doing so inherit all its methods and attributes.** +* **Inheritance is a mechanism that enables a class to extend some other class (that is, subclass to extend its parent), and by doing so inherit all its methods and attributes.** * **Subclass can then add its own methods and attributes or override inherited ones by reusing their names.** ```python @@ -1694,7 +1691,7 @@ from pathlib import Path ``` ```python - = str() # Returns path as str. Also .as_uri(). + = str() # Returns path as string. Also .as_uri(). = open() # Also .read/write_text/bytes(). ``` @@ -2765,7 +2762,7 @@ from PIL import Image = Image.new('', (width, height)) # Creates new image. Also `color=`. = Image.open() # Identifies format based on file's contents. = .convert('') # Converts image to the new mode (see Modes). -.save() # Selects format based on extension (PNG/JPG…). +.save() # Accepts `quality=` if extension is jpg. .show() # Displays image in default preview app. ``` @@ -2788,8 +2785,8 @@ from PIL import Image ``` ### Modes -* **`'L'` - Lightness (greyscale image). Each pixel is an int between 0 and 255.** -* **`'RGB'` - Red, green, blue (true color image). Each pixel is a tuple of three ints.** +* **`'L'` - Lightness (greyscale image). Each pixel is an integer between 0 and 255.** +* **`'RGB'` - Red, green, blue (true color image). Each pixel is a tuple of three integers.** * **`'RGBA'` - RGB with alpha. Low alpha (i.e. forth int) makes pixel more transparent.** * **`'HSV'` - Hue, saturation, value. Three ints representing color in HSV color space.** @@ -2989,10 +2986,10 @@ pg.init() screen = pg.display.set_mode((500, 500)) rect = pg.Rect(240, 240, 20, 20) while not pg.event.get(pg.QUIT): - deltas = {pg.K_UP: (0, -1), pg.K_RIGHT: (1, 0), pg.K_DOWN: (0, 1), pg.K_LEFT: (-1, 0)} for event in pg.event.get(pg.KEYDOWN): - x, y = deltas.get(event.key, (0, 0)) - rect = rect.move((x*20, y*20)) + dx = (event.key == pg.K_RIGHT) - (event.key == pg.K_LEFT) + dy = (event.key == pg.K_DOWN) - (event.key == pg.K_UP) + rect = rect.move((dx * 20, dy * 20)) screen.fill(pg.Color('black')) pg.draw.rect(screen, pg.Color('white'), rect) pg.display.flip() @@ -3004,13 +3001,13 @@ pg.quit() ```python = pg.Rect(x, y, width, height) # Creates Rect object. Truncates passed floats. = .x/y/centerx/centery/… # `top/right/bottom/left`. Allows assignments. - = .topleft/center/… # `topright/bottomright/bottomleft`. Same. - = .move((delta_x, delta_y)) # Use move_ip() to move in-place. + = .topleft/center/… # `topright/bottomright/bottomleft/size`. Same. + = .move((delta_x, delta_y)) # Use move_ip() to move the rectangle in-place. ``` ```python - = .collidepoint((x, y)) # Checks if rectangle contains the point. - = .colliderect() # Checks if the two rectangles overlap. + = .collidepoint((x, y)) # Checks whether rectangle contains the point. + = .colliderect() # Checks whether the two rectangles overlap. = .collidelist() # Returns index of first colliding Rect or -1. = .collidelistall() # Returns indices of all colliding rectangles. ``` @@ -3018,7 +3015,7 @@ pg.quit() ### Surface **Object for representing images.** ```python - = pg.display.set_mode((width, height)) # Opens new window and returns its surface. + = pg.display.set_mode((width, height)) # Opens a new window and returns its surface. = pg.Surface((width, height)) # New RGB surface. RGBA if `flags=pg.SRCALPHA`. = pg.image.load() # Loads the image. Format depends on source. = pg.surfarray.make_surface() # Also ` = surfarray.pixels3d()`. @@ -3032,15 +3029,15 @@ pg.quit() ``` ```python -from pygame.transform import scale, ... - = scale(, (width, height)) # Returns scaled surface. - = rotate(, anticlock_degrees) # Returns rotated and scaled surface. - = flip(, x_bool, y_bool) # Returns flipped surface. +from pygame.transform import scale, rotate # Also: flip, smoothscale, scale_by. + = scale(, (width, height)) # Scales the surface. `smoothscale()` blurs it. + = rotate(, angle) # Rotates the surface for counterclock degrees. + = flip(, flip_x=False) # Mirrors the surface. Also `flip_y=False`. ``` ```python -from pygame.draw import line, ... -line(, color, (x1, y1), (x2, y2), width) # Draws a line to the surface. +from pygame.draw import line, arc, rect # Also: ellipse, polygon, circle, aaline. +line(, color, (x1, y1), (x2, y2)) # Draws a line to the surface. Also `width=1`. arc(, color, , from_rad, to_rad) # Also ellipse(, color, , width=0). rect(, color, , width=0) # Also polygon(, color, points, width=0). ``` diff --git a/index.html b/index.html index 7818c96..75a71a5 100644 --- a/index.html +++ b/index.html @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
- +
@@ -323,8 +323,8 @@ Point(x=1, y=2 <str> = <str>.replace(old, new [, count]) # Replaces 'old' with 'new' at most 'count' times. <str> = <str>.translate(<table>) # Use `str.maketrans(<dict>)` to generate table. -
<str>  = chr(<int>)                          # Converts int to Unicode character.
-<int>  = ord(<str>)                          # Converts Unicode character to int.
+
<str>  = chr(<int>)                          # Converts passed integer to Unicode character.
+<int>  = ord(<str>)                          # Converts passed Unicode character to integer.
 

 
    
 
  • Use 'unicodedata.normalize("NFC", <str>)' on strings like 'Motörhead' before comparing them to other strings, because 'ö' can be stored as one or two characters.
    • 
@@ -830,26 +830,23 @@ player = Player(point, direction)                   #
 (1, '1', 'MyClass(1)')
    -
  • Return value of str() should be readable and of repr() unambiguous.
    • -
  • If only repr() is defined, it will also be used for str().
    • -
  • Methods decorated with '@staticmethod' do not receive 'self' nor 'cls' as their first argument.
    • +
  • Methods whose names start and end with two underscores are called special methods. They are executed when object is passed to a built-in function or used as an operand, for example, 'print(a)' calls 'a.__str__()' and 'a + b' calls 'a.__add__(b)'.
    • +
  • Return value of str() special method should be readable and of repr() unambiguous. If only repr() is defined, it will also be used for str().

Expressions that call the str() method:

print(<obj>)
 f'{<obj>}'
 logging.warning(<obj>)
 csv.writer(<file>).writerow([<obj>])
-raise Exception(<obj>)

Expressions that call the repr() method:

print/str/repr([<obj>])
 print/str/repr({<obj>: <obj>})
 f'{<obj>!r}'
 Z = make_dataclass('Z', ['a']); print/str/repr(Z(<obj>))
->>> <obj>

Subclass

    -
  • Inheritance is a mechanism that enables a class to extend another class (subclass to extend its parent), and by doing so inherit all its methods and attributes.
    • +
  • Inheritance is a mechanism that enables a class to extend some other class (that is, subclass to extend its parent), and by doing so inherit all its methods and attributes.
  • Subclass can then add its own methods and attributes or override inherited ones by reusing their names.
class Person:
     def __init__(self, name):
@@ -1439,7 +1436,7 @@ args  = p.parse_args()                                            <iter> = <Path>.iterdir()           # Returns directory contents as Path objects.
 <iter> = <Path>.glob('<pattern>')   # Returns Paths matching the wildcard pattern.
-
<str>  = str(<Path>)                # Returns path as str. Also <Path>.as_uri().
+
<str>  = str(<Path>)                # Returns path as string. Also <Path>.as_uri().
 <file> = open(<Path>)               # Also <Path>.read/write_text/bytes(<args>).
 

 
#OS Commands
import os, shutil, subprocess
@@ -2272,7 +2269,7 @@ right = np.array([[0.1,  <Image> = Image.new('<mode>', (width, height))  # Creates new image. Also `color=<int/tuple>`.
 <Image> = Image.open(<path>)                    # Identifies format based on file's contents.
 <Image> = <Image>.convert('<mode>')             # Converts image to the new mode (see Modes).
-<Image>.save(<path>)                            # Selects format based on extension (PNG/JPG…).
+<Image>.save(<path>)                            # Accepts `quality=<int>` if extension is jpg.
 <Image>.show()                                  # Displays image in default preview app.
 

 
<int/tup> = <Image>.getpixel((x, y))            # Returns pixel's value (its color).
@@ -2288,8 +2285,8 @@ right = np.array([[0.1,  # Use <array>.clip(0, 255) to clip the values.
 

 
Modes
    
-
  • 'L' - Lightness (greyscale image). Each pixel is an int between 0 and 255.
    • 
-
  • 'RGB' - Red, green, blue (true color image). Each pixel is a tuple of three ints.
    • 
+
  • 'L' - Lightness (greyscale image). Each pixel is an integer between 0 and 255.
    • 
+
  • 'RGB' - Red, green, blue (true color image). Each pixel is a tuple of three integers.
    • 
 
  • 'RGBA' - RGB with alpha. Low alpha (i.e. forth int) makes pixel more transparent.
    • 
 
  • 'HSV' - Hue, saturation, value. Three ints representing color in HSV color space.
    • 
 
Examples
Creates a PNG image of a rainbow gradient:
WIDTH, HEIGHT = 100, 100
@@ -2452,10 +2449,10 @@ pg.init()
 screen = pg.display.set_mode((500, 500))
 rect = pg.Rect(240, 240, 20, 20)
 while not pg.event.get(pg.QUIT):
-    deltas = {pg.K_UP: (0, -1), pg.K_RIGHT: (1, 0), pg.K_DOWN: (0, 1), pg.K_LEFT: (-1, 0)}
     for event in pg.event.get(pg.KEYDOWN):
-        x, y = deltas.get(event.key, (0, 0))
-        rect = rect.move((x*20, y*20))
+        dx = (event.key == pg.K_RIGHT) - (event.key == pg.K_LEFT)
+        dy = (event.key == pg.K_DOWN) - (event.key == pg.K_UP)
+        rect = rect.move((dx * 20, dy * 20))
     screen.fill(pg.Color('black'))
     pg.draw.rect(screen, pg.Color('white'), rect)
     pg.display.flip()
@@ -2465,17 +2462,17 @@ pg.quit()
 
 
Rect
Object for storing rectangular coordinates.
<Rect> = pg.Rect(x, y, width, height)           # Creates Rect object. Truncates passed floats.
 <int>  = <Rect>.x/y/centerx/centery/…           # `top/right/bottom/left`. Allows assignments.
-<tup.> = <Rect>.topleft/center/…                # `topright/bottomright/bottomleft`. Same.
-<Rect> = <Rect>.move((delta_x, delta_y))        # Use move_ip() to move in-place.
+<tup.> = <Rect>.topleft/center/…                # `topright/bottomright/bottomleft/size`. Same.
+<Rect> = <Rect>.move((delta_x, delta_y))        # Use move_ip() to move the rectangle in-place.
 

 
 
-
<bool> = <Rect>.collidepoint((x, y))            # Checks if rectangle contains the point.
-<bool> = <Rect>.colliderect(<Rect>)             # Checks if the two rectangles overlap.
+
<bool> = <Rect>.collidepoint((x, y))            # Checks whether rectangle contains the point.
+<bool> = <Rect>.colliderect(<Rect>)             # Checks whether the two rectangles overlap.
 <int>  = <Rect>.collidelist(<list_of_Rect>)     # Returns index of first colliding Rect or -1.
 <list> = <Rect>.collidelistall(<list_of_Rect>)  # Returns indices of all colliding rectangles.
 

-
Surface
Object for representing images.
<Surf> = pg.display.set_mode((width, height))   # Opens new window and returns its surface.
+
Surface
Object for representing images.
<Surf> = pg.display.set_mode((width, height))   # Opens a new window and returns its surface.
 <Surf> = pg.Surface((width, height))            # New RGB surface. RGBA if `flags=pg.SRCALPHA`.
 <Surf> = pg.image.load(<path/file>)             # Loads the image. Format depends on source.
 <Surf> = pg.surfarray.make_surface(<np_array>)  # Also `<np_arr> = surfarray.pixels3d(<Surf>)`.
@@ -2487,13 +2484,13 @@ pg.quit()
 <Surf>.set_at((x, y), color)                    # Updates pixel. Also <Surf>.get_at((x, y)).
 <Surf>.blit(<Surf>, (x, y))                     # Draws passed surface at specified location.
 

-
from pygame.transform import scale, ...
-<Surf> = scale(<Surf>, (width, height))         # Returns scaled surface.
-<Surf> = rotate(<Surf>, anticlock_degrees)      # Returns rotated and scaled surface.
-<Surf> = flip(<Surf>, x_bool, y_bool)           # Returns flipped surface.
+
from pygame.transform import scale, rotate      # Also: flip, smoothscale, scale_by.
+<Surf> = scale(<Surf>, (width, height))         # Scales the surface. `smoothscale()` blurs it.
+<Surf> = rotate(<Surf>, angle)                  # Rotates the surface for counterclock degrees.
+<Surf> = flip(<Surf>, flip_x=False)             # Mirrors the surface. Also `flip_y=False`.
 

-
from pygame.draw import line, ...
-line(<Surf>, color, (x1, y1), (x2, y2), width)  # Draws a line to the surface.
+
from pygame.draw import line, arc, rect         # Also: ellipse, polygon, circle, aaline.
+line(<Surf>, color, (x1, y1), (x2, y2))         # Draws a line to the surface. Also `width=1`.
 arc(<Surf>, color, <Rect>, from_rad, to_rad)    # Also ellipse(<Surf>, color, <Rect>, width=0).
 rect(<Surf>, color, <Rect>, width=0)            # Also polygon(<Surf>, color, points, width=0).
 

@@ -2942,7 +2939,7 @@ $ deactivate                # Deactivates the active
  
 
   
 
diff --git a/parse.js b/parse.js
index 3d18669..a54d578 100755
--- a/parse.js
+++ b/parse.js
@@ -83,8 +83,7 @@ const REPR_USE_CASES =
   'print/str/repr([<obj>])\n' +
   'print/str/repr({<obj>: <obj>})\n' +
   'f\'{<obj>!r}\'\n' +
-  'Z = make_dataclass(\'Z\', [\'a\']); print/str/repr(Z(<obj>))\n' +
-  '>>> <obj>\n';
+  'Z = make_dataclass(\'Z\', [\'a\']); print/str/repr(Z(<obj>))\n';
 
 const CONSTRUCTOR_OVERLOADING =
   'class <name>:\n' +