From 250d92940e97ed5b482f8270722bc88e729a9b65 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 15:23:44 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] String, Arguments, Numpy, Image, Animation, Audio, Synthesizer, Pygame --- README.md | 62 +++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------ index.html | 70 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------- parse.js | 21 ++++++++-------- 3 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 77 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 6049894..d6f6503 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ String | isdecimal() | | | | | yes | +---------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+ ``` -* **Also: `'isspace()'` checks for `'[ \t\n\r\f\v\x1c-\x1f\x85…]'`.** +* **Also: `'isspace()'` checks for `'[ \t\n\r\f\v\x1c-\x1f\x85\u2000…]'`.** Regex @@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ def func(): ... # def func(x=0, y=0): ... def func(, ): ... # def func(x, y=0): ... ``` * **Default values are evaluated when function is first encountered in the scope.** -* **Any mutations of mutable default values will persist between invocations.** +* **Any mutation of a mutable default value will persist between invocations.** Splat Operator @@ -1936,26 +1936,26 @@ Bytes **Bytes object is an immutable sequence of single bytes. Mutable version is called bytearray.** ```python - = b'' # Only accepts ASCII characters and \x00-\xff. - = [] # Returns an int in range from 0 to 255. - = [] # Returns bytes even if it has only one element. - = .join() # Joins elements using bytes as a separator. + = b'' # Only accepts ASCII characters and \x00-\xff. + = [] # Returns an int in range from 0 to 255. + = [] # Returns bytes even if it has only one element. + = .join() # Joins elements using bytes as a separator. ``` ### Encode ```python - = bytes() # Ints must be in range from 0 to 255. - = bytes(, 'utf-8') # Or: .encode('utf-8') - = .to_bytes(n_bytes, …) # `byteorder='little/big', signed=False`. - = bytes.fromhex('') # Hex pairs can be separated by whitespaces. + = bytes() # Ints must be in range from 0 to 255. + = bytes(, 'utf-8') # Or: .encode('utf-8') + = .to_bytes(n_bytes, …) # `byteorder='little/big', signed=False`. + = bytes.fromhex('') # Hex pairs can be separated by whitespaces. ``` ### Decode ```python - = list() # Returns ints in range from 0 to 255. - = str(, 'utf-8') # Or: .decode('utf-8') - = int.from_bytes(, …) # `byteorder='little/big', signed=False`. -'' = .hex() # Returns hex pairs. Accepts `sep=`. + = list() # Returns ints in range from 0 to 255. + = str(, 'utf-8') # Or: .decode('utf-8') + = int.from_bytes(, …) # `byteorder='little/big', signed=False`. +'' = .hex() # Returns hex pairs. Accepts `sep=`. ``` ### Read Bytes from File @@ -2609,7 +2609,7 @@ Line # Mem usage Increment Line Contents # $ pip3 install pycallgraph2; apt/brew install graphviz import pycallgraph2 as cg, datetime -filename = f'profile-{datetime.datetime.now():%Y%m%d%H%M%S}.png' +filename = f'profile-{datetime.datetime.now():%Y%m%d_%H%M%S}.png' drawer = cg.output.GraphvizOutput(output_file=filename) with cg.PyCallGraph(drawer): @@ -2645,7 +2645,7 @@ import numpy as np ``` * **Shape is a tuple of dimension sizes. A 100x50 RGB image has shape (50, 100, 3).** -* **Axis is an index of the dimension that gets aggregated. Leftmost/outermost dimension has index 0. Summing a 100x50 RGB image along the axis 2 will return a greyscale image with shape (50, 100).** +* **Axis is an index of the dimension that gets aggregated. Leftmost dimension has index 0. Summing the RGB image along axis 2 will return a greyscale image with shape (50, 100).** * **Passing a tuple of axes will chain the operations like this: `'.(axis_1, keepdims=True).(axis_2).squeeze()'`.** ### Indexing @@ -2744,7 +2744,7 @@ from PIL import Image .putpixel((x, y), ) # Writes a pixel to the image. = .getdata() # Returns a flattened sequence of pixels. .putdata() # Writes a flattened sequence of pixels. -.paste(, (x, y)) # Writes an image to the image. +.paste(, (x, y)) # Writes passed image to the image. ``` ```bash @@ -2797,7 +2797,7 @@ from PIL import ImageDraw * **Use `'fill='` to set the primary color.** * **Use `'width='` to set the width of lines or contours.** * **Use `'outline='` to set the color of the contours.** -* **Colors can be specified as an int, tuple, `'#rrggbb[aa]'` string or a color name.** +* **Color can be specified as an int, tuple, `'#rrggbb[aa]'` string or a color name.** Animation @@ -2807,6 +2807,7 @@ Animation # $ pip3 install imageio from PIL import Image, ImageDraw import imageio + WIDTH, HEIGHT, R = 126, 126, 10 frames = [] for velocity in range(1, 16): @@ -2852,14 +2853,13 @@ nframes = .getnframes() # Number of frames. ### Sample Values ```text -+-----------+-------------+------+-------------+ -| sampwidth | min | zero | max | -+-----------+-------------+------+-------------+ -| 1 | 0 | 128 | 255 | -| 2 | -32768 | 0 | 32767 | -| 3 | -8388608 | 0 | 8388607 | -| 4 | -2147483648 | 0 | 2147483647 | -+-----------+-------------+------+-------------+ ++-----------+-----------+------+-----------+ +| sampwidth | min | zero | max | ++-----------+-----------+------+-----------+ +| 1 | 0 | 128 | 255 | +| 2 | -32768 | 0 | 32767 | +| 3 | -8388608 | 0 | 8388607 | ++-----------+-----------+------+-----------+ ``` ### Read Float Samples from WAV File @@ -2931,18 +2931,18 @@ Synthesizer #### Plays Popcorn by Gershon Kingsley: ```python # $ pip3 install simpleaudio -import math, struct, simpleaudio -from itertools import repeat, chain +import itertools as it, math, struct, simpleaudio + F = 44100 P1 = '71♩,69♪,,71♩,66♪,,62♩,66♪,,59♩,,' P2 = '71♩,73♪,,74♩,73♪,,74♪,,71♪,,73♩,71♪,,73♪,,69♪,,71♩,69♪,,71♪,,67♪,,71♩,,' -get_pause = lambda seconds: repeat(0, int(seconds * F)) +get_pause = lambda seconds: it.repeat(0, int(seconds * F)) sin_f = lambda i, hz: math.sin(i * 2 * math.pi * hz / F) get_wave = lambda hz, seconds: (sin_f(i, hz) for i in range(int(seconds * F))) get_hz = lambda key: 8.176 * 2 ** (int(key) / 12) parse_note = lambda note: (get_hz(note[:2]), 1/4 if '♩' in note else 1/8) get_samples = lambda note: get_wave(*parse_note(note)) if note else get_pause(1/8) -samples_f = chain.from_iterable(get_samples(n) for n in f'{P1},{P1},{P2}'.split(',')) +samples_f = it.chain.from_iterable(get_samples(n) for n in f'{P1},{P1},{P2}'.split(',')) samples_b = b''.join(struct.pack('
- +
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ Point(x=1, y=2
    -
  • Also: 'isspace()' checks for '[ \t\n\r\f\v\x1c-\x1f\x85…]'.
    • +
  • Also: 'isspace()' checks for '[ \t\n\r\f\v\x1c-\x1f\x85\u2000…]'.

#Regex

import re
 <str>   = re.sub(<regex>, new, text, count=0)  # Substitutes all occurrences with 'new'.
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ func(<positional_args>, <keyword_args>)           #Splat Operator
Inside Function Call
Splat expands a collection into positional arguments, while splatty-splat expands a dictionary into keyword arguments.
args   = (1, 2)
 kwargs = {'x': 3, 'y': 4, 'z': 5}
@@ -1609,23 +1609,23 @@ CompletedProcess(args=['bc', #Bytes
Bytes object is an immutable sequence of single bytes. Mutable version is called bytearray.
<bytes> = b'<str>'                       # Only accepts ASCII characters and \x00-\xff.
-<int>   = <bytes>[<index>]               # Returns an int in range from 0 to 255.
-<bytes> = <bytes>[<slice>]               # Returns bytes even if it has only one element.
-<bytes> = <bytes>.join(<coll_of_bytes>)  # Joins elements using bytes as a separator.
+
#Bytes
Bytes object is an immutable sequence of single bytes. Mutable version is called bytearray.
<bytes> = b'<str>'                          # Only accepts ASCII characters and \x00-\xff.
+<int>   = <bytes>[<index>]                  # Returns an int in range from 0 to 255.
+<bytes> = <bytes>[<slice>]                  # Returns bytes even if it has only one element.
+<bytes> = <bytes>.join(<coll_of_bytes>)     # Joins elements using bytes as a separator.
 

 
 
-
Encode
<bytes> = bytes(<coll_of_ints>)          # Ints must be in range from 0 to 255.
-<bytes> = bytes(<str>, 'utf-8')          # Or: <str>.encode('utf-8')
-<bytes> = <int>.to_bytes(n_bytes, …)     # `byteorder='little/big', signed=False`.
-<bytes> = bytes.fromhex('<hex>')         # Hex pairs can be separated by whitespaces.
+
Encode
<bytes> = bytes(<coll_of_ints>)             # Ints must be in range from 0 to 255.
+<bytes> = bytes(<str>, 'utf-8')             # Or: <str>.encode('utf-8')
+<bytes> = <int>.to_bytes(n_bytes, …)        # `byteorder='little/big', signed=False`.
+<bytes> = bytes.fromhex('<hex>')            # Hex pairs can be separated by whitespaces.
 

 
-
Decode
<list>  = list(<bytes>)                  # Returns ints in range from 0 to 255.
-<str>   = str(<bytes>, 'utf-8')          # Or: <bytes>.decode('utf-8')
-<int>   = int.from_bytes(<bytes>, …)     # `byteorder='little/big', signed=False`.
-'<hex>' = <bytes>.hex()                  # Returns hex pairs. Accepts `sep=<str>`.
+
Decode
<list>  = list(<bytes>)                     # Returns ints in range from 0 to 255.
+<str>   = str(<bytes>, 'utf-8')             # Or: <bytes>.decode('utf-8')
+<int>   = int.from_bytes(<bytes>, …)        # `byteorder='little/big', signed=False`.
+'<hex>' = <bytes>.hex()                     # Returns hex pairs. Accepts `sep=<str>`.
 

 
 
Read Bytes from File
def read_bytes(filename):
@@ -2136,7 +2136,7 @@ Line #         Mem usage      Increment   Line Contents
 
Call Graph
Generates a PNG image of the call graph with highlighted bottlenecks:
# $ pip3 install pycallgraph2; apt/brew install graphviz
 import pycallgraph2 as cg, datetime
 
-filename = f'profile-{datetime.datetime.now():%Y%m%d%H%M%S}.png'
+filename = f'profile-{datetime.datetime.now():%Y%m%d_%H%M%S}.png'
 drawer = cg.output.GraphvizOutput(output_file=filename)
 with cg.PyCallGraph(drawer):
     <code_to_be_profiled>
@@ -2163,7 +2163,7 @@ drawer = cg.output.GraphvizOutput(output_file=filename)
 

 
    
 
  • Shape is a tuple of dimension sizes. A 100x50 RGB image has shape (50, 100, 3).
    • 
-
  • Axis is an index of the dimension that gets aggregated. Leftmost/outermost dimension has index 0. Summing a 100x50 RGB image along the axis 2 will return a greyscale image with shape (50, 100).
    • 
+
  • Axis is an index of the dimension that gets aggregated. Leftmost dimension has index 0. Summing the RGB image along axis 2 will return a greyscale image with shape (50, 100).
    • 
 
  • Passing a tuple of axes will chain the operations like this: '<array>.<method>(axis_1, keepdims=True).<method>(axis_2).squeeze()'.
    • 
 

 
Indexing
<el>       = <2d_array>[row_index, column_index]        # <3d_a>[table_i, row_i, column_i]
@@ -2239,7 +2239,7 @@ right = [[0.1,  0.6# Writes a pixel to the image.
 <ImagingCore> = <Image>.getdata()               # Returns a flattened sequence of pixels.
 <Image>.putdata(<list/ImagingCore>)             # Writes a flattened sequence of pixels.
-<Image>.paste(<Image>, (x, y))                  # Writes an image to the image.
+<Image>.paste(<Image>, (x, y))                  # Writes passed image to the image.
 

 
<2d_array> = np.array(<Image_L>)                # Creates NumPy array from greyscale image.
 <3d_array> = np.array(<Image_RGB>)              # Creates NumPy array from color image.
@@ -2284,11 +2284,12 @@ img.convert('RGB').save('fill=<color>' to set the primary color.
 
  • Use 'width=<int>' to set the width of lines or contours.
    • 
 
  • Use 'outline=<color>' to set the color of the contours.
    • 
-
  • Colors can be specified as an int, tuple, '#rrggbb[aa]' string or a color name.
    • 
+
  • Color can be specified as an int, tuple, '#rrggbb[aa]' string or a color name.
    • 
 
 
    #Animation
    Creates a GIF of a bouncing ball:
    # $ pip3 install imageio
 from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
 import imageio
+
 WIDTH, HEIGHT, R = 126, 126, 10
 frames = []
 for velocity in range(1, 16):
@@ -2327,14 +2328,13 @@ nframes      = <Wave_read>.getnframes()         If sample width is one byte, then the integer should be encoded unsigned.
 
  • For all other sizes, the integer should be encoded signed with little-endian byte order.
    • 
 
-
    Sample Values
    ┏━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
-┃ sampwidth │     min     │ zero │     max     ┃
-┠───────────┼─────────────┼──────┼─────────────┨
-┃     1     │           0 │  128 │         255 ┃
-┃     2     │      -32768 │    0 │       32767 ┃
-┃     3     │    -8388608 │    0 │     8388607 ┃
-┃     4     │ -2147483648 │    0 │  2147483647 ┃
-┗━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
+
    Sample Values
    ┏━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━┓
+┃ sampwidth │    min    │ zero │    max    ┃
+┠───────────┼───────────┼──────┼───────────┨
+┃     1     │         0 │  128 │       255 ┃
+┃     2     │    -32768 │    0 │     32767 ┃
+┃     3     │  -8388608 │    0 │   8388607 ┃
+┗━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━┛
 
    
 
 
    Read Float Samples from WAV File
    def read_wav_file(filename):
@@ -2389,25 +2389,26 @@ engine.runAndWait()
 
    
 
 
    #Synthesizer
    Plays Popcorn by Gershon Kingsley:
    # $ pip3 install simpleaudio
-import math, struct, simpleaudio
-from itertools import repeat, chain
+import itertools as it, math, struct, simpleaudio
+
 F  = 44100
 P1 = '71♩,69♪,,71♩,66♪,,62♩,66♪,,59♩,,'
 P2 = '71♩,73♪,,74♩,73♪,,74♪,,71♪,,73♩,71♪,,73♪,,69♪,,71♩,69♪,,71♪,,67♪,,71♩,,'
-get_pause   = lambda seconds: repeat(0, int(seconds * F))
+get_pause   = lambda seconds: it.repeat(0, int(seconds * F))
 sin_f       = lambda i, hz: math.sin(i * 2 * math.pi * hz / F)
 get_wave    = lambda hz, seconds: (sin_f(i, hz) for i in range(int(seconds * F)))
 get_hz      = lambda key: 8.176 * 2 ** (int(key) / 12)
 parse_note  = lambda note: (get_hz(note[:2]), 1/4 if '♩' in note else 1/8)
 get_samples = lambda note: get_wave(*parse_note(note)) if note else get_pause(1/8)
-samples_f   = chain.from_iterable(get_samples(n) for n in f'{P1},{P1},{P2}'.split(','))
+samples_f   = it.chain.from_iterable(get_samples(n) for n in f'{P1},{P1},{P2}'.split(','))
 samples_b   = b''.join(struct.pack('<h', int(f * 30000)) for f in samples_f)
 simpleaudio.play_buffer(samples_b, 1, 2, F)
 
    
 
 
-
    #Pygame
    Basic Example
    # $ pip3 install pygame
+
    #Pygame
    # $ pip3 install pygame
 import pygame as pg
+
 pg.init()
 screen = pg.display.set_mode((500, 500))
 rect = pg.Rect(240, 240, 20, 20)
@@ -2418,8 +2419,7 @@ rect = pg.Rect(240, 2
     screen.fill((0, 0, 0))
     pg.draw.rect(screen, (255, 255, 255), rect)
     pg.display.flip()
-
    
-
+
    
 
 
    Rectangle
    Object for storing rectangular coordinates.
    <Rect> = pg.Rect(x, y, width, height)           # Floats get truncated into ints.
 <int>  = <Rect>.x/y/centerx/centery/…           # Top, right, bottom, left. Allows assignments.
@@ -2905,7 +2905,7 @@ $ pyinstaller script.py --add-data '<path>:.'  
  
 
   
 
diff --git a/parse.js b/parse.js
index f5cb4af..5d551f3 100755
--- a/parse.js
+++ b/parse.js
@@ -448,19 +448,18 @@ const DIAGRAM_11_B =
   '┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛\n';
 
 const DIAGRAM_12_A =
-  '+-----------+-------------+------+-------------+\n' +
-  '| sampwidth |     min     | zero |     max     |\n' +
-  '+-----------+-------------+------+-------------+\n';
+  '+-----------+-----------+------+-----------+\n' +
+  '| sampwidth |    min    | zero |    max    |\n' +
+  '+-----------+-----------+------+-----------+\n';
 
 const DIAGRAM_12_B =
-  '┏━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n' +
-  '┃ sampwidth │     min     │ zero │     max     ┃\n' +
-  '┠───────────┼─────────────┼──────┼─────────────┨\n' +
-  '┃     1     │           0 │  128 │         255 ┃\n' +
-  '┃     2     │      -32768 │    0 │       32767 ┃\n' +
-  '┃     3     │    -8388608 │    0 │     8388607 ┃\n' +
-  '┃     4     │ -2147483648 │    0 │  2147483647 ┃\n' +
-  '┗━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛\n';
+  '┏━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n' +
+  '┃ sampwidth │    min    │ zero │    max    ┃\n' +
+  '┠───────────┼───────────┼──────┼───────────┨\n' +
+  '┃     1     │         0 │  128 │       255 ┃\n' +
+  '┃     2     │    -32768 │    0 │     32767 ┃\n' +
+  '┃     3     │  -8388608 │    0 │   8388607 ┃\n' +
+  '┗━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━┛\n';
 
 const DIAGRAM_13_A =
   '| sr.apply(…)     |      3      |    sum  3   |     s  3      |';