@ -14,11 +14,21 @@
< meta name = "twitter:description" content = "Exhaustive, simple, beautiful and concise. A truly pythonic cheat sheet about Python programming language." >
< meta name = "twitter:image" content = "https://gto76.github.io/python-cheatsheet/web/image_twitter_card_2.jpeg" >
< meta name = "google-site-verification" content = "w3rvuG0D1kUm_w20qsJecSEZh59Am8jK4eSPVU83e_M" / >
< meta name = "viewport" id = "viewport-meta" >
< / head >
< style >
@import url(web/style.css);
@font-face {font-family: "Menlo Regular";
src: url("web\\OnlineWebFonts_COM_cb7eb796ae7de7195a34c485cacebad1\\@font-face\\9f94dc20bb2a09c15241d3a880b7ad01.eot"); /* IE9*/
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url("web\\OnlineWebFonts_COM_cb7eb796ae7de7195a34c485cacebad1\\@font-face\\9f94dc20bb2a09c15241d3a880b7ad01.woff") format("woff"), /* chrome、firefox */
url("web\\OnlineWebFonts_COM_cb7eb796ae7de7195a34c485cacebad1\\@font-face\\9f94dc20bb2a09c15241d3a880b7ad01.ttf") format("truetype"), /* chrome、firefox、opera、Safari, Android, iOS 4.2+*/
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}
.join,
.link,
.node rect {
@ -398,27 +408,27 @@ to_exclusive = <range>.stop
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > +------------------+------------+------------+------------+
| | Sequence | Collection | Iterable |
+------------------+------------+------------+------------+
| list, range, str | yes | yes | yes |
| dict, set | | yes | yes |
| iter | | | yes |
+------------------+------------+------------+------------+
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ │ Sequence │ Collection │ Iterable ┃
┠──────────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┨
┃ list, range, str │ ✓ │ ✓ │ ✓ ┃
┃ dict, set │ │ ✓ │ ✓ ┃
┃ iter │ │ │ ✓ ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
< / code > < / pre >
< pre > < code class = "python language-python hljs" > < span class = "hljs-meta" > > > > < / span > < span class = "hljs-keyword" > from< / span > numbers < span class = "hljs-keyword" > import< / span > Integral, Rational, Real, Complex, Number
< span class = "hljs-meta" > > > > < / span > isinstance(< span class = "hljs-number" > 123< / span > , Number)
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > True< / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > +--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | Integral | Rational | Real | Complex | Number |
+--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| int | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| fractions.Fraction | | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| float | | | yes | yes | yes |
| complex | | | | yes | yes |
| decimal.Decimal | | | | | yes |
+--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ │ Integral │ Rational │ Real │ Complex │ Number ┃
┠────────────────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┨
┃ int │ ✓ │ ✓ │ ✓ │ ✓ │ ✓ ┃
┃ fractions.Fraction │ │ ✓ │ ✓ │ ✓ │ ✓ ┃
┃ float │ │ │ ✓ │ ✓ │ ✓ ┃
┃ complex │ │ │ │ ✓ │ ✓ ┃
┃ decimal.Decimal │ │ │ │ │ ✓ ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━┛
< / code > < / pre >
< div > < h2 id = "string" > < a href = "#string" name = "string" > #< / a > String< / h2 > < pre > < code class = "python language-python hljs" > < str> = < str> .strip() < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Strips all whitespace characters from both ends.< / span >
< str> = < str> .strip(< span class = "hljs-string" > '< chars> '< / span > ) < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Strips all passed characters from both ends.< / span >
@ -445,15 +455,15 @@ to_exclusive = <range>.stop
< li > < strong > Also: < code class = "python hljs" > < span class = "hljs-string" > 'lstrip()'< / span > < / code > , < code class = "python hljs" > < span class = "hljs-string" > 'rstrip()'< / span > < / code > .< / strong > < / li >
< li > < strong > Also: < code class = "python hljs" > < span class = "hljs-string" > 'lower()'< / span > < / code > , < code class = "python hljs" > < span class = "hljs-string" > 'upper()'< / span > < / code > , < code class = "python hljs" > < span class = "hljs-string" > 'capitalize()'< / span > < / code > and < code class = "python hljs" > < span class = "hljs-string" > 'title()'< / span > < / code > .< / strong > < / li >
< / ul >
< div > < h3 id = "propertymethods" > Property Methods< / h3 > < pre > < code class = "text language-text" > +---------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | [ !#$%…] | [a-zA-Z] | [¼½¾] | [²³¹] | [0-9] |
+---------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| isprintable() | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| isalnum() | | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| isnumeric() | | | yes | yes | yes |
| isdigit() | | | | yes | yes |
| isdecimal() | | | | | yes |
+---------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
< div > < h3 id = "propertymethods" > Property Methods< / h3 > < pre > < code class = "text language-text" > ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ │ [ !#$%…] │ [a-zA-Z] │ [¼½¾] │ [²³¹] │ [0-9] ┃
┠───────────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┨
┃ isprintable() │ ✓ │ ✓ │ ✓ │ ✓ │ ✓ ┃
┃ isalnum() │ │ ✓ │ ✓ │ ✓ │ ✓ ┃
┃ isnumeric() │ │ │ ✓ │ ✓ │ ✓ ┃
┃ isdigit() │ │ │ │ ✓ │ ✓ ┃
┃ isdecimal() │ │ │ │ │ ✓ ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━┛
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< ul >
@ -532,32 +542,32 @@ to_exclusive = <range>.stop
{< span class = "hljs-number" > 1.23456< / span > :< span class = "hljs-number" > 10.3< / span > %} < span class = "hljs-comment" > # ' 123.456%'< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< div > < h4 id = "comparisonofpresentationtypes" > Comparison of presentation types:< / h4 > < pre > < code class = "text language-text" > +---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| | {< float> } | {< float> :f} | {< float> :e} | {< float> :%} |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 0.000056789 | '5.6789e-05' | '0.000057' | '5.678900e-05' | '0.005679%' |
| 0.00056789 | '0.00056789' | '0.000568' | '5.678900e-04' | '0.056789%' |
| 0.0056789 | '0.0056789' | '0.005679' | '5.678900e-03' | '0.567890%' |
| 0.056789 | '0.056789' | '0.056789' | '5.678900e-02' | '5.678900%' |
| 0.56789 | '0.56789' | '0.567890' | '5.678900e-01' | '56.789000%' |
| 5.6789 | '5.6789' | '5.678900' | '5.678900e+00' | '567.890000%' |
| 56.789 | '56.789' | '56.789000' | '5.678900e+01' | '5678.900000%' |
| 567.89 | '567.89' | '567.890000' | '5.678900e+02' | '56789.000000%' |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > +---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| | {< float> :.2} | {< float> :.2f} | {< float> :.2e} | {< float> :.2%} |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 0.000056789 | '5.7e-05' | '0.00' | '5.68e-05' | '0.01%' |
| 0.00056789 | '0.00057' | '0.00' | '5.68e-04' | '0.06%' |
| 0.0056789 | '0.0057' | '0.01' | '5.68e-03' | '0.57%' |
| 0.056789 | '0.057' | '0.06' | '5.68e-02' | '5.68%' |
| 0.56789 | '0.57' | '0.57' | '5.68e-01' | '56.79%' |
| 5.6789 | '5.7' | '5.68' | '5.68e+00' | '567.89%' |
| 56.789 | '5.7e+01' | '56.79' | '5.68e+01' | '5678.90%' |
| 567.89 | '5.7e+02' | '567.89' | '5.68e+02' | '56789.00%' |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
< div > < h4 id = "comparisonofpresentationtypes" > Comparison of presentation types:< / h4 > < pre > < code class = "text language-text" > ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ │ {< float> } │ {< float> :f} │ {< float> :e} │ {< float> :%} ┃
┠───────────────┼─────────────────┼─────────────────┼─────────────────┼─────────────────┨
┃ 0.000056789 │ '5.6789e-05' │ '0.000057' │ '5.678900e-05' │ '0.005679%' ┃
┃ 0.00056789 │ '0.00056789' │ '0.000568' │ '5.678900e-04' │ '0.056789%' ┃
┃ 0.0056789 │ '0.0056789' │ '0.005679' │ '5.678900e-03' │ '0.567890%' ┃
┃ 0.056789 │ '0.056789' │ '0.056789' │ '5.678900e-02' │ '5.678900%' ┃
┃ 0.56789 │ '0.56789' │ '0.567890' │ '5.678900e-01' │ '56.789000%' ┃
┃ 5.6789 │ '5.6789' │ '5.678900' │ '5.678900e+00' │ '567.890000%' ┃
┃ 56.789 │ '56.789' │ '56.789000' │ '5.678900e+01' │ '5678.900000%' ┃
┃ 567.89 │ '567.89' │ '567.890000' │ '5.678900e+02' │ '56789.000000%' ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ │ {< float> :.2} │ {< float> :.2f} │ {< float> :.2e} │ {< float> :.2%} ┃
┠───────────────┼─────────────────┼─────────────────┼─────────────────┼─────────────────┨
┃ 0.000056789 │ '5.7e-05' │ '0.00' │ '5.68e-05' │ '0.01%' ┃
┃ 0.00056789 │ '0.00057' │ '0.00' │ '5.68e-04' │ '0.06%' ┃
┃ 0.0056789 │ '0.0057' │ '0.01' │ '5.68e-03' │ '0.57%' ┃
┃ 0.056789 │ '0.057' │ '0.06' │ '5.68e-02' │ '5.68%' ┃
┃ 0.56789 │ '0.57' │ '0.57' │ '5.68e-01' │ '56.79%' ┃
┃ 5.6789 │ '5.7' │ '5.68' │ '5.68e+00' │ '567.89%' ┃
┃ 56.789 │ '5.7e+01' │ '56.79' │ '5.68e+01' │ '5678.90%' ┃
┃ 567.89 │ '5.7e+02' │ '567.89' │ '5.68e+02' │ '56789.00%' ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
< / code > < / pre >
< div > < h3 id = "ints" > Ints< / h3 > < pre > < code class = "python language-python hljs" > {< span class = "hljs-number" > 90< / span > :c} < span class = "hljs-comment" > # 'Z'< / span >
{< span class = "hljs-number" > 90< / span > :b} < span class = "hljs-comment" > # '1011010'< / span >
@ -1210,17 +1220,17 @@ Hello World!
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< div > < h4 id = "tableofrequiredandautomaticallyavailablespecialmethods" > Table of required and automatically available special methods:< / h4 > < pre > < code class = "text language-text" > +------------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+
| | Iterable | Collection | Sequence | abc.Sequence |
+------------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+
| iter() | REQ | REQ | Yes | Yes |
| contains() | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| len() | | REQ | REQ | REQ |
| getitem() | | | REQ | REQ |
| reversed() | | | Yes | Yes |
| index() | | | | Yes |
| count() | | | | Yes |
+------------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+
< div > < h4 id = "tableofrequiredandautomaticallyavailablespecialmethods" > Table of required and automatically available special methods:< / h4 > < pre > < code class = "text language-text" > ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ │ Iterable │ Collection │ Sequence │ abc.Sequence ┃
┠────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼──────────────┨
┃ iter() │ ! │ ! │ ✓ │ ✓ ┃
┃ contains() │ ✓ │ ✓ │ ✓ │ ✓ ┃
┃ len() │ │ ! │ ! │ ! ┃
┃ getitem() │ │ │ ! │ ! ┃
┃ reversed() │ │ │ ✓ │ ✓ ┃
┃ index() │ │ │ │ ✓ ┃
┃ count() │ │ │ │ ✓ ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< ul >
@ -1316,35 +1326,35 @@ error_msg = traceback.format_exception(exc_type, <name>, <name>.__tr
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< div > < h3 id = "builtinexceptions" > Built-in Exceptions< / h3 > < pre > < code class = "text language-text" > BaseException
+-- SystemExit # Raised by the sys.exit() function.
+-- KeyboardInterrupt # Raised when the user hits the interrupt key (ctrl-c).
+-- Exception # User-defined exceptions should be derived from this class.
+-- ArithmeticError # Base class for arithmetic errors.
| +-- ZeroDivisionError # Raised when dividing by zero.
+-- AttributeError # Raised when an attribute is missing.
+-- EOFError # Raised by input() when it hits end-of-file condition.
+-- LookupError # Raised when a look-up on a collection fails.
| +-- IndexError # Raised when a sequence index is out of range.
| +-- KeyError # Raised when a dictionary key or set element is not found.
+-- NameError # Raised when a variable name is not found.
+-- OSError # Failures such as “file not found” or “disk full”.
| +-- FileNotFoundError # When a file or directory is requested but doesn't exist.
+-- RuntimeError # Raised by errors that don't fall into other categories.
| +-- RecursionError # Raised when the maximum recursion depth is exceeded.
+-- StopIteration # Raised by next() when run on an empty iterator.
+-- TypeError # Raised when an argument is of wrong type.
+-- ValueError # When an argument is of right type but inappropriate value.
+-- UnicodeError # Raised when encoding/decoding strings to/from bytes fails.
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< div > < h4 id = "collectionsandtheirexceptions" > Collections and their exceptions:< / h4 > < pre > < code class = "text language-text" > +-----------+------------+------------+------------+
| | list | dict | set |
+-----------+------------+------------+------------+
| getitem() | IndexError | KeyError | |
| pop() | IndexError | KeyError | KeyError |
| remove() | ValueError | | KeyError |
| index() | ValueError | | |
+-----------+------------+------------+------------+
├── SystemExit < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Raised by the sys.exit() function.< / span >
├── KeyboardInterrupt < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Raised when the user hits the interrupt key (ctrl-c).< / span >
└── Exception < span class = "hljs-comment" > # User-defined exceptions should be derived from this class.< / span >
├── ArithmeticError < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Base class for arithmetic errors.< / span >
│ └── ZeroDivisionError < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Raised when dividing by zero.< / span >
├── AttributeError < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Raised when an attribute is missing.< / span >
├── EOFError < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Raised by input() when it hits end-of-file condition.< / span >
├── LookupError < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Raised when a look-up on a collection fails.< / span >
│ ├── IndexError < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Raised when a sequence index is out of range.< / span >
│ └── KeyError < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Raised when a dictionary key or set element is not found.< / span >
├── NameError < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Raised when a variable name is not found.< / span >
├── OSError < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Failures such as “file not found” or “disk full”.< / span >
│ └── FileNotFoundError < span class = "hljs-comment" > # When a file or directory is requested but doesn't exist.< / span >
├── RuntimeError < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Raised by errors that don't fall in other categories.< / span >
│ └── RecursionError < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Raised when the maximum recursion depth is exceeded.< / span >
├── StopIteration < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Raised by next() when run on an empty iterator.< / span >
├── TypeError < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Raised when an argument is of wrong type.< / span >
└── ValueError < span class = "hljs-comment" > # When an argument is of right type but inappropriate value.< / span >
└── UnicodeError < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Raised when encoding/decoding strings to/from bytes fails.< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< div > < h4 id = "collectionsandtheirexceptions" > Collections and their exceptions:< / h4 > < pre > < code class = "text language-text" > ┏━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ │ list │ dict │ set ┃
┠───────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┨
┃ getitem() │ IndexError │ KeyError │ ┃
┃ pop() │ IndexError │ KeyError │ KeyError ┃
┃ remove() │ ValueError │ │ KeyError ┃
┃ index() │ ValueError │ │ ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< div > < h4 id = "usefulbuiltinexceptions" > Useful built-in exceptions:< / h4 > < pre > < code class = "python language-python hljs" > < span class = "hljs-keyword" > raise< / span > TypeError(< span class = "hljs-string" > 'Argument is of wrong type!'< / span > )
@ -1615,17 +1625,17 @@ CompletedProcess(args=[<span class="hljs-string">'bc'</span>, <span class="hljs-
< li > < strong > < code class = "python hljs" > < span class = "hljs-string" > 'lineterminator'< / span > < / code > - Specifies how writer terminates rows.< / strong > < / li >
< li > < strong > < code class = "python hljs" > < span class = "hljs-string" > 'quoting'< / span > < / code > - Controls the amount of quoting: 0 - as necessary, 1 - all.< / strong > < / li >
< li > < strong > < code class = "python hljs" > < span class = "hljs-string" > 'escapechar'< / span > < / code > - Character for escaping 'quotechar' if 'doublequote' is False.< / strong > < / li >
< / ul > < div > < h3 id = "dialects" > Dialects< / h3 > < pre > < code class = "text language-text" > +------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| | excel | excel-tab | unix |
+------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| delimiter | ',' | '\t' | ',' |
| quotechar | '"' | '"' | '"' |
| doublequote | True | True | True |
| skipinitialspace | False | False | False |
| lineterminator | '\r\n' | '\r\n' | '\n' |
| quoting | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| escapechar | None | None | None |
+------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
< / ul > < div > < h3 id = "dialects" > Dialects< / h3 > < pre > < code class = "text language-text" > ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ │ excel │ excel-tab │ unix ┃
┠──────────────────┼──────────────┼──────────────┼──────────────┨
┃ delimiter │ ',' │ '\t' │ ',' ┃
┃ quotechar │ '"' │ '"' │ '"' ┃
┃ doublequote │ True │ True │ True ┃
┃ skipinitialspace │ False │ False │ False ┃
┃ lineterminator │ '\r\n' │ '\r\n' │ '\n' ┃
┃ quoting │ 0 │ 0 │ 1 ┃
┃ escapechar │ None │ None │ None ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
< / code > < / pre > < / div > < / div >
@ -1926,29 +1936,29 @@ param_kinds = [a.kind <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> a <span class="hljs
type(MyMetaClass) == type < span class = "hljs-comment" > # MyMetaClass is an instance of type.< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > +-------------+-------------+
| Classes | Metaclasses |
+-------------+-------------|
| MyClass --> MyMetaClass |
| | v |
| object -----> type < + |
| | ^ +--+ |
| str ----------+ |
+-------------+-------------+
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Classes │ Metaclasses ┃
┠─────────────┼─────────────┨
┃ MyClass ──→ MyMetaClass ┃
┃ │ ↓ ┃
┃ object ─────→ type ←╮ ┃
┃ │ ↑ ╰──╯ ┃
┃ str ──────────╯ ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
< / code > < / pre >
< div > < h3 id = "inheritancediagram" > Inheritance Diagram< / h3 > < pre > < code class = "python language-python hljs" > MyClass.__base__ == object < span class = "hljs-comment" > # MyClass is a subclass of object.< / span >
MyMetaClass.__base__ == type < span class = "hljs-comment" > # MyMetaClass is a subclass of type.< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > +-------------+-------------+
| Classes | Metaclasses |
+-------------+-------------|
| MyClass | MyMetaClass |
| v | v |
| object < ----- type |
| ^ | |
| str | |
+-------------+-------------+
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Classes │ Metaclasses ┃
┠─────────────┼─────────────┨
┃ MyClass │ MyMetaClass ┃
┃ ↓ │ ↓ ┃
┃ object ←───── type ┃
┃ ↑ │ ┃
┃ str │ ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
< / code > < / pre >
< div > < h2 id = "eval" > < a href = "#eval" name = "eval" > #< / a > Eval< / h2 > < pre > < code class = "python language-python hljs" > < span class = "hljs-meta" > > > > < / span > < span class = "hljs-keyword" > from< / span > ast < span class = "hljs-keyword" > import< / span > literal_eval
< span class = "hljs-meta" > > > > < / span > literal_eval(< span class = "hljs-string" > '1 + 2'< / span > )
@ -2397,14 +2407,14 @@ nframes = <Wave_read>.getnframes() <span class="hljs-comment"
< li > < strong > If sample width is one, then the integer should be encoded unsigned.< / strong > < / li >
< li > < strong > For all other sizes, the integer should be encoded signed with little-endian byte order.< / strong > < / li >
< / ul >
< div > < h3 id = "samplevalues" > Sample Values< / h3 > < pre > < code class = "text language-text" > +-----------+-------------+------+-------------+
| sampwidth | min | zero | max |
+-----------+-------------+------+-------------+
| 1 | 0 | 128 | 255 |
| 2 | -32768 | 0 | 32767 |
| 3 | -8388608 | 0 | 8388607 |
| 4 | -2147483648 | 0 | 2147483647 |
+-----------+-------------+------+-------------+
< div > < h3 id = "samplevalues" > Sample Values< / h3 > < pre > < code class = "text language-text" > ┏━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ sampwidth │ min │ zero │ max ┃
┠───────────┼─────────────┼──────┼─────────────┨
┃ 1 │ 0 │ 128 │ 255 ┃
┃ 2 │ -32768 │ 0 │ 32767 ┃
┃ 3 │ -8388608 │ 0 │ 8388607 ┃
┃ 4 │ -2147483648 │ 0 │ 2147483647 ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< div > < h3 id = "readfloatsamplesfromwavfile" > Read Float Samples from WAV File< / h3 > < pre > < code class = "python language-python hljs" > < span class = "hljs-function" > < span class = "hljs-keyword" > def< / span > < span class = "hljs-title" > read_wav_file< / span > < span class = "hljs-params" > (filename)< / span > :< / span >
@ -2652,20 +2662,20 @@ x <span class="hljs-number">1</span>
y < span class = "hljs-number" > 2< / span >
dtype: int64
< / code > < / pre >
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > +-------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| | 'sum' | ['sum'] | {'s': 'sum'} |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| sr.apply(…) | 3 | sum 3 | s 3 |
| sr.agg(…) | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
< / code > < / pre >
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > +-------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| | 'rank' | ['rank'] | {'r': 'rank'} |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| sr.apply(…) | | rank | |
| sr.agg(…) | x 1 | x 1 | r x 1 |
| sr.trans(…) | y 2 | y 2 | y 2 |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ │ 'sum' │ ['sum'] │ {'s': 'sum'} ┃
┠─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼───────────────┨
┃ sr.apply(…) │ 3 │ sum 3 │ s 3 ┃
┃ sr.agg(…) │ │ │ ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
< / code > < / pre >
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ │ 'rank' │ ['rank'] │ {'r': 'rank'} ┃
┠─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼───────────────┨
┃ sr.apply(…) │ │ rank │ ┃
┃ sr.agg(…) │ x 1 │ x 1 │ r x 1 ┃
┃ sr.trans(…) │ y 2 │ y 2 │ y 2 ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
< / code > < / pre >
< div > < h3 id = "dataframe" > DataFrame< / h3 > < p > < strong > Table with labeled rows and columns.< / strong > < / p > < pre > < code class = "python language-python hljs" > < span class = "hljs-meta" > > > > < / span > DataFrame([[< span class = "hljs-number" > 1< / span > , < span class = "hljs-number" > 2< / span > ], [< span class = "hljs-number" > 3< / span > , < span class = "hljs-number" > 4< / span > ]], index=[< span class = "hljs-string" > 'a'< / span > , < span class = "hljs-string" > 'b'< / span > ], columns=[< span class = "hljs-string" > 'x'< / span > , < span class = "hljs-string" > 'y'< / span > ])
x y
@ -2704,35 +2714,35 @@ b <span class="hljs-number">4</span> <span class="hljs-number">5</span>
c < span class = "hljs-number" > 6< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 7< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > +------------------------+---------------+------------+------------+--------------------------+
| how/join | 'outer' | 'inner' | 'left' | description |
+------------------------+---------------+------------+------------+--------------------------+
| l.merge(r, on='y', | x y z | x y z | x y z | Joins/merges on column. |
| how=…) | 0 1 2 . | 3 4 5 | 1 2 . | Also accepts left_on and |
| | 1 3 4 5 | | 3 4 5 | right_on parameters. |
| | 2 . 6 7 | | | Uses 'inner' by default. |
+------------------------+---------------+------------+------------+--------------------------+
| l.join(r, lsuffix='l', | x yl yr z | | x yl yr z | Joins/merges on row_keys.|
| rsuffix='r', | a 1 2 . . | x yl yr z | 1 2 . . | Uses 'left' by default. |
| how=…) | b 3 4 4 5 | 3 4 4 5 | 3 4 4 5 | |
| | c . . 6 7 | | | |
+------------------------+---------------+------------+------------+--------------------------+
| pd.concat([l, r], | x y z | y | | Adds rows at the bottom. |
| axis=0, | a 1 2 . | 2 | | Uses 'outer' by default. |
| join=…) | b 3 4 . | 4 | | By default works the |
| | b . 4 5 | 4 | | same as `l.append(r)`. |
| | c . 6 7 | 6 | | |
+------------------------+---------------+------------+------------+--------------------------+
| pd.concat([l, r], | x y y z | | | Adds columns at the |
| axis=1, | a 1 2 . . | x y y z | | right end. |
| join=…) | b 3 4 4 5 | 3 4 4 5 | | Uses 'outer' by default. |
| | c . . 6 7 | | | |
+------------------------+---------------+------------+------------+--------------------------+
| l.combine_first(r) | x y z | | | Adds missing rows and |
| | a 1 2 . | | | columns. |
| | b 3 4 5 | | | |
| | c . 6 7 | | | |
+------------------------+---------------+------------+------------+--------------------------+
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ how/join │ 'outer' │ 'inner' │ 'left' │ description ┃
┠────────────────────────┼───────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼──────────────────────────┨
┃ l.merge(r, on='y', │ x y z │ x y z │ x y z │ Joins/merges on column. ┃
┃ how=…) │ 0 1 2 . │ 3 4 5 │ 1 2 . │ Also accepts left_on and ┃
┃ │ 1 3 4 5 │ │ 3 4 5 │ right_on parameters. ┃
┃ │ 2 . 6 7 │ │ │ Uses 'inner' by default. ┃
┠────────────────────────┼───────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼──────────────────────────┨
┃ l.join(r, lsuffix='l', │ x yl yr z │ │ x yl yr z │ Joins/merges on row_keys.┃
┃ rsuffix='r', │ a 1 2 . . │ x yl yr z │ 1 2 . . │ Uses 'left' by default. ┃
┃ how=…) │ b 3 4 4 5 │ 3 4 4 5 │ 3 4 4 5 │ ┃
┃ │ c . . 6 7 │ │ │ ┃
┠────────────────────────┼───────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼──────────────────────────┨
┃ pd.concat([l, r], │ x y z │ y │ │ Adds rows at the bottom. ┃
┃ axis=0, │ a 1 2 . │ 2 │ │ Uses 'outer' by default. ┃
┃ join=…) │ b 3 4 . │ 4 │ │ By default works the ┃
┃ │ b . 4 5 │ 4 │ │ same as `l.append(r)`. ┃
┃ │ c . 6 7 │ 6 │ │ ┃
┠────────────────────────┼───────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼──────────────────────────┨
┃ pd.concat([l, r], │ x y y z │ │ │ Adds columns at the ┃
┃ axis=1, │ a 1 2 . . │ x y y z │ │ right end. ┃
┃ join=…) │ b 3 4 4 5 │ 3 4 4 5 │ │ Uses 'outer' by default. ┃
┃ │ c . . 6 7 │ │ │ ┃
┠────────────────────────┼───────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼──────────────────────────┨
┃ l.combine_first(r) │ x y z │ │ │ Adds missing rows and ┃
┃ │ a 1 2 . │ │ │ columns. ┃
┃ │ b 3 4 5 │ │ │ ┃
┃ │ c . 6 7 │ │ │ ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
< / code > < / pre >
< div > < h4 id = "aggregatetransformmap-1" > Aggregate, Transform, Map:< / h4 > < pre > < code class = "python language-python hljs" > < Sr> = < DF> .sum/max/mean/idxmax/all() < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Or: < DF> .apply/agg/transform(< agg_func> )< / span >
< DF> = < DF> .rank/diff/cumsum/ffill/interpl() < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Or: < DF> .apply/agg/transform(< trans_func> )< / span >
@ -2747,22 +2757,22 @@ c <span class="hljs-number">6</span> <span class="hljs-number">7</span>
a < span class = "hljs-number" > 1< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 2< / span >
b < span class = "hljs-number" > 3< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 4< / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > +-------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| | 'sum' | ['sum'] | {'x': 'sum'} |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| df.apply(…) | | x y | |
| df.agg(…) | x 4 | sum 4 6 | x 4 |
| | y 6 | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
< / code > < / pre >
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > +-------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| | 'rank' | ['rank'] | {'x': 'rank'} |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| df.apply(…) | x y | x y | x |
| df.agg(…) | a 1 1 | rank rank | a 1 |
| df.trans(…) | b 2 2 | a 1 1 | b 2 |
| | | b 2 2 | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ │ 'sum' │ ['sum'] │ {'x': 'sum'} ┃
┠─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼───────────────┨
┃ df.apply(…) │ │ x y │ ┃
┃ df.agg(…) │ x 4 │ sum 4 6 │ x 4 ┃
┃ │ y 6 │ │ ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
< / code > < / pre >
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ │ 'rank' │ ['rank'] │ {'x': 'rank'} ┃
┠─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼───────────────┨
┃ df.apply(…) │ x y │ x y │ x ┃
┃ df.agg(…) │ a 1 1 │ rank rank │ a 1 ┃
┃ df.trans(…) │ b 2 2 │ a 1 1 │ b 2 ┃
┃ │ │ b 2 2 │ ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
< / code > < / pre >
< div > < h4 id = "encodedecode" > Encode, Decode:< / h4 > < pre > < code class = "python language-python hljs" > < DF> = pd.read_json/html(< span class = "hljs-string" > '< str/path/url> '< / span > )
< DF> = pd.read_csv/pickle/excel(< span class = "hljs-string" > '< path/url> '< / span > )
@ -2800,20 +2810,20 @@ c <span class="hljs-number">7</span> <span class="hljs-number">8</span>
< span class = "hljs-number" > 6< / span > : b < span class = "hljs-number" > 4< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 5< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 6< / span >
c < span class = "hljs-number" > 7< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 8< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 6< / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| | 'sum' | 'rank' | ['rank'] | {'x': 'rank'} |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| gb.agg(…) | x y | x y | x y | x |
| | z | a 1 1 | rank rank | a 1 |
| | 3 1 2 | b 1 1 | a 1 1 | b 1 |
| | 6 11 13 | c 2 2 | b 1 1 | c 2 |
| | | | c 2 2 | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| gb.trans(…) | x y | x y | | |
| | a 1 2 | a 1 1 | | |
| | b 11 13 | b 1 1 | | |
| | c 11 13 | c 1 1 | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
< pre > < code class = "text language-text" > ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ │ 'sum' │ 'rank' │ ['rank'] │ {'x': 'rank'} ┃
┠─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼───────────────┨
┃ gb.agg(…) │ x y │ x y │ x y │ x ┃
┃ │ z │ a 1 1 │ rank rank │ a 1 ┃
┃ │ 3 1 2 │ b 1 1 │ a 1 1 │ b 1 ┃
┃ │ 6 11 13 │ c 2 2 │ b 1 1 │ c 2 ┃
┃ │ │ │ c 2 2 │ ┃
┠─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼───────────────┨
┃ gb.trans(…) │ x y │ x y │ │ ┃
┃ │ a 1 2 │ a 1 1 │ │ ┃
┃ │ b 11 13 │ b 1 1 │ │ ┃
┃ │ c 11 13 │ c 1 1 │ │ ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
< / code > < / pre >
< div > < h3 id = "rolling" > Rolling< / h3 > < p > < strong > Object for rolling window calculations.< / strong > < / p > < pre > < code class = "python language-python hljs" > < R_Sr/R_DF/R_GB> = < Sr/DF/GB> .rolling(window_size) < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Also: `min_periods=None, center=False`.< / span >
< R_Sr/R_DF> = < R_DF/R_GB> [column_key/s] < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Or: < R> .column_key< / span >
Jure Šorn
4 years ago
